AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders

100問 • 2年前

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eating a larger amount of food—typically, more junk food w/ compensatory behaviors

bulimia nervosa

self-induced vomiting immediately after eating, laxatives (drugs that relieve constipation) and diuretics (drugs that result in loss of fluids through urination)

purging techniques

vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics

purging type

for example, exercise and/or fasting

nonpurging type

out-of-control eating episodes

binges

one of the medical consequences of bulimia nervosa that upset the chemical balance of bodily fluids, including sodium and potassium levels

electrolyte imbalance

the person eats only minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously ● fear of gaining weight ● disturbance in body image

anorexia nervosa

weight that is less than minimally normal

significantly low weight

type of anorexia nervosa wherein individuals diet to limit calorie intake

restricting type

they rely on purging, they binge on relatively small amounts of food and purge more consistently

binge-eating-purging type

one of the medical consequences of anorexia nervosa that means cessation of menstruation

amenorrhea

downy hair on the limbs and cheeks (anorexia nervosa)

lanugo

individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not attempt to purge the food ● encompassing drive to be thin

binge-eating disorder

individuals may engage in purging behavior to influence their weight by self-induced vomiting, using laxatives, diuretics, etc, but they do not show binge eating as in BED or behaviors typical for other eating disorders.

purging disorder

limiting food intake not because they are concerned about weight or body shape but because they are simply not interested in eating or food or because they avoid certain sensory characteristics or consequences of food or eating.

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

where most females in magazines and tv are thinner than the average American woman.

the glorification of slenderness,

happens in toddlers, which growth and development are severely stunted because of inadequate nutrition

failure to thrive syndrome

extremely concerned about looking small, even though they were muscular.

reverse anorexia nervosa

important roles in eating disorder

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, hypothalamus

Low levels of *________y, (the system most often associated with eating disorders) is associated with impulsivity generally and binge eating

serotonergic activity

cycle where emotional eating behavior (eating to relieve stress or anxiety) and binge-eating.peaked

postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle

__________ influence on binge eating

high levels of hormone

reduced levels of *_______, a hormone acting to produce feelings of fullness. ● is associated with excessive efforts to keep weight down and therefore lead to increases in the reinforcing value of food and possibly binge eating

leptin

drug treatments in Bulimia

antidepressant medications, serotonin reuptake inhibitors

newly added to CBT that is applicable with minor alterations to all eating disorders

transdiagnostic

targeting high-risk individuals

selective approac

targeting everyone in a certain age range

universal approach

developed independently from the "Student Bodies Program” which is an example of selective approach

the body project

not an official disorder in DSM-5

obesity

obesity comorbid with diabetes

diabesity

- they do not usually eat breakfast but take high-calorie snack at night

night eating syndrome

initiation and maintenance of eating and vary considerably from individual to individual

hormonal regulation of appetite

surgical approach in obesity

bariatric surgery

book treatment in obesity

self-directed weight-loss program

group treatment in obesity

commercial self-help programs

therapy in obesity

behavior modification programs

most successful treatment in obesity

professionally directed behavior modification programs

drug removed in market due to adverse cardiovascular side effects

sibutramine

this is to know whether you are a morning or evening type

chronotype

switching your schedule because of social factors

social jetlag

one of the 2 categories of sleep-wake disorders which means difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to and complaints about the quality of sleep (not feeling refreshed)

dyssomnia

one of the major categories of sleep-wake disorders which is an abnormal behavioral or physiological events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleepwalking

parasomnias

most comprehensive determinant of sleep habits

polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation

measures brain wave activity

electroencephalogram

measures eye movements

electrooculogram

measures muscle movements

electromyogram

measuresheart activity

electrocardiogram

wristwatch-size device used to assess sleep ● measures the number of arm movements

actigraph

the percentage of time actually spent asleep, not just lying in bed trying to sleep. (100%, 50%)

sleep efficiency

difficulty initiating sleep (trouble falling asleep at night) ● difficulty maintaining sleep ● nonrestorative sleep (restless)

insomnia disorder

disorder that involves obstructed nighttime breathing (repeatedly stops and starts)

sleep apnea

people with insomnia have _____ body temperature

higher

excessive jerky leg movements

periodic limb movement disorder

they may not, by themselves, cause problems, but they may combine with other factors to interfere with sleep (light sleeper, family history)

predisposing conditions

includes a number of events that can negatively affect sleep.

sleep stress

where sleep problems reappear or worsen when sleeping pills are withdrawn.

rebound insomnia

sleeping too much but still complain of being excessively tired throughout the day

hypersomnolence disorder

what nerve cell is absent to people with insomnia

hypocretin neurons

play an important role in wakefulness

peptides

people with narcolepsy experience— ________, a sudden loss of muscle tone ● this occurs while the person is awake and can range from slight weakness in the facial muscles to complete physical collapse

cataplexy

characteristic of narcolepsy, a brief period after awakening when they can't move or speak that is often frightening to those who go through it.

sleep paralysis

characteristic of narcolepsy, vivid and often terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and said to be unbelievably realistic because they include visual, touch, hearing aspects, and sensation of body movement.

hypnagogic hallucinations

sleep paralysis commonly co-occurs with anxiety disorders

isolated sleep paralysis

sleepiness during the day or disrupted sleep at night caused by problems with breathing while asleep.

breathing-related disordera

labored or slow breathing

hypoventilation

episodes of falling asleep during the day

sleep attacks

occurs 5x per hr when airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system ● reported snoring at night ● most common in males ● effect of obesity

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods and is often associated with certain central nervous system disorders (cerebral vascular disease, head trauma, and degenerative disorders) wake up frequently during the night, but tend not to report excessive daytime sleepiness and often are not aware of having a serious breathing problem.

central sleep apnea

decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing ● increase in CO2 levels because insufficient air is exchanged with the environment.

sleep-related hypoventilation

characterized by disturbed sleep (insomnia or excessive sleepiness during the day) brought on by the brain's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER

circa - dian -

about, day

Type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder with external cause: caused by rapidly crossing multiple time zones

jet lag type

Type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder with external cause: sleep problems are associated with work schedules

shift work type

type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder: sleep is delayed or there is a later than normal bedtime. (night owls) (w/ Internal cause)

delayed sleep phase type

type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder: sleep is advanced or earlier than normal bedtime (early to bed and early to rise.) (with internal cause)

advanced sleep phase type

people who experience highly varied sleep cycles

irregular sleep-wake type

type of CRSD: sleeping on a 25- or 26-hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going throughout the day (with internal cause)

non-24-hour sleep-wake type

biological clock located in hypothalamus that keeps us in sync with the outside world

suprachiasmatic nucleus

contributes to the setting of our biological clocks that tell us when to sleep and known as the Dracula hormone, because production is stimulated by darkness and ceases in daylight

melatonin

treatment in sleep disorders that is not for long term

medical treatment

usually used medication in all sleep-wake disorders

Benzodiazepine medications-

machine treatment for obstructive sleep apnea that improves breathing

continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) machine

long wind instrument used to treat mild apnea

didgeridoo

environmental treatment in CRSD by moving bedtime later (easier)

phase delays

environmental treatment in CRSD done by moving bedtime earlier

phase advances

exposure to bright light to trick the brain

phototherapy

psychological treatment education on the use of a treatment that has empirical support

evidence-based instruction

allowing the brain's normal drive for sleep to take over, replacing the restrictions we place on our activities that interfere with sleep.

sleep hygiene

Insomnia treatment: changing the unrealistic expectations

cognitive

insomnia treatment: meditation or imagery

Guided imagery relaxation

treatment that check on the child until he falls asleep

graduated extinction

treating insomnia by telling poor sleepers to stay awake in bed

paradoxical intention

treating insomnia by relaxation of muscles

progressive relaxation

nightmare experiences must be so distressful that they impair a person's ability to carry on normal activities

nightmare disorder

disturbing dreams that awaken the sleeper

nightmares

dreams that do not awaken the person experiencing them.

bad dreams

includes a number of motor movements and behaviors during NREM sleep such as sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and incomplete awakening.

disorder of arousal

most commonly afflict children, occur during NREM sleep and therefore are not caused by frightening dreams.

sleep terrors

treatment in sleep terror

scheduled awakenings

100

when people walk in their sleep, they are probably not acting out a dream.

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders

valerie · 100問 · 2年前

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders