C3 PSYASS

91問 • 2年前

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act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things (people, events, whatever) according to rules

measurement

set of numbers (or other symbols) whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned.

scale

has a sample space that can be counted.

discrete scale

the values can be any real number in the scale’s sample space.

continuous scale

best to round continuous scales

true

simplest form of measurement ● involve classification or categorization, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories.

nominal scales

have categories with a clear and uncontroversial order ● measurements in which people are ranked (0-100)

ordinal scales

emphasized that what he tried to do with his test to classify (and rank) people.

alfred binet

meaningful distances between numbers, each unit on the scale is exactly equal to any other unit on the scale. ● possible to add and subtract scores, which allows for calculating means and standard deviations

interval scales

has a true zero point, which indicates the absence of the thing being measured

ratio scales

absence of a quantity

absolute zero

the values that a variable can take on.

sample space

collective influence of all of the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement.

erroe

most frequently used level of measurement in psychology

ordinal

an instrument used to measure strength of hand grip

dynamometer

a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study.

distribution

a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical.

raw score

all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred.

frequency distributions

indicate that individual scores have been used and the data have not been grouped.

simple frequency distribution

test-score intervals, also called class intervals, replace the actual test scores.

grouped frequency distribution

upper limits of the distribution

highest class interval

lower limits of the distribution

lowest class interval

a diagram or chart composed of lines, points, bars, or other symbols that describe and illustrate data.

graph

graph with vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test score (or class interval), forming a series of contiguous rectangles. - X-axis (abscissa) - test scores to be placed (single scores or the midpoints of the class intervals) ● Y-axis (ordinate) - numbers indicative of the frequency of occurrence

histogram

x-axis

abscissa

y-axis

ordinate

A graphic illustration of data wherein numbers indicative of frequency are set on the vertical axis, categories are set on the horizontal axis, and the rectangle bars that describe the data are typically noncontiguous

bar graph

expressed by a continuous line connecting the points where test scores or class intervals (X-axis) meet frequencies (Y-axis).

frequency polygon

one graphic representation of data of particular interest to measurement professionals

normal curve

statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution.

measures of central tendency

most commonly used measure of central tendency

mean/arithmetic mean

takes into account the actual numerical value of every score.

mean

middle score in a distribution

median

- most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores ● not a very commonly used measure of central tendency.

mode

there are two scores that occur with the highest frequency (of two).

bimodal distribution

meaning of X

test score

"the sum of"

summation notation

an indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

variability

statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution

measures of variability

“add all the test scores.”

E X

sum

equal to the difference between the highest and the lowest scores.

range

the dividing points between the four quarters in the distribution are the, refers to a specific point

quartiles

refers to an interval

quarter

quarter-points in a distribution of scores.

Q1, Q3

is a measure of variability equal to the difference between Q3 and Q1.

interquartile range

equal to the interquartile range divided by 2.

semi-interquartile range

another tool that could be used to describe the amount of variability in a distribution

mean absolute deviation

ameasureofvariabilityequalto the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean. ● equal to the square root of the variance

standard deviation

equal to the arithmetic mean of the squares of the differences between the scores in a distribution and their mean.

variance

the nature and extent to which symmetry is absent. ● indication of how the measurements in a distribution are distributed.

skewness

relatively few of the scores fall at the high end of the distribution.

positive skew

negative skew

examination results may indicate that the test was too easy.

steepness of a distribution in its center

kurtosis

, characterized by a high peak and “fatter” tails compared to a normal distribution.

High kurtosis

values indicate a distribution with a rounded peak and thinner tails.

Lower kurtosis

relatively flat

platykurtic

relatively peaked

leptokurtic

somewhere in the middle

mesokurtic

being the first to refer to the curve as the normal curve

karl pearson

bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center. ● the mean, the median, and the mode all have the same exact value.

normal curve

meaning that it approaches, but never touches, the axis

asymptotically

area on the normal curve between 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean.

tail

a raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale, where the latter scale has some arbitrarily set mean and standard deviation.

standard scores

other name for normal curve

Laplace-Gaussian curve

results from the conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many standard deviation units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution.

z-score

zero plus or minus one scale

composed of a scale that ranges from 5 standard deviations below the mean to 5 standard deviations above the mean.

T score

t score

fifty plus or minus ten scale

a term that was a contraction of the words standard and nine. ● a standard score with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of approximately 2, divided into nine units

stanine

standard score obtained that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score.

linear transformation

may be required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed yet comparisons with normal distributions need to be made.

nonlinear transformation

, normalizing a distribution involves “stretching” the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores

normalized standard score scale

a number that provides us with an index of the strength of the relationship between two things. ● expresses a linear relationship between two (and only two) variables, usually continuous in nature.

coefficient of correlation

expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things.

correlation

, two variables simultaneously increase or simultaneously decrease, then those two variables are said to be

positively correlated

, when one variable increases while the other variable decreases.

negative correlation

if a correlation is zero, then absolutely no relationship exists between the two variables

perfect noncorrelation

statistical tool of choice when the relationship between the variables is linear and when the two variables being correlated are continuous

pearson r/pearson correlation coefficient

a deviation about a mean of a distribution

moment

individual deviations about the mean of a distribution

deviates

moments squared

second moment

the moments cubed, and so forth

third moments

value indicating how much variance is shared by two variables (X and Y) being calculated

coefficient of determination

frequently used when the sample size is small (fewer than 30 pairs of measurements) and especially when both sets of measurements are in ordinal (or rank-order) form.

spearman rho

simple graphing of the coordinate points for values of the X-variable (placed along the graph’s horizontal axis) and the Y-variable (placed along the graph’s vertical axis). ● they provide a quick indication of the direction and magnitude of the relationship, if any, between the two variables.

scatterplot

, an “eyeball gauge” of how curved a graph is

curvilinearity

extremely atypical point located at a relatively long distance—an outlying distance—from the rest of the coordinate points in a scatterplot

outlier

family of techniques used to statistically combine information across studies to produce single estimates (effect size) of the data under study.

meta-analysis

statistic used to express the strength of the relationship or the magnitude of the differences in data

effect size

, defined as professional practice that is based on clinical and research findings ● Methods, protocols, techniques, and procedures, used by professionals, that have a basis in clinical and research findings

evidence-based practice

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders

valerie · 100問 · 2年前

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders