AB PSY CHAP 4 ANXIETY

71問 • 2年前

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future-oriented negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future.

anxiety

the attributing of human characteristics or behaviors to an animal or object

anthropomorphism

● Howard Liddell ● the human ability to plan in some detail for the future was connected to that gnawing feeling that things could go wrong and we had better be prepared for them.

Shadow of intelligence (*anxiety)

is an immediate alarm reaction to danger.

fear

sudden overwhelming reaction

panic

abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms

panic attack

- if you don't have a clue when or where the next attack will occur.

unexpected panic attack / cued

- there is a presence of something or situation you fear ● common in specific phobias or social anxiety disorder

expected panic attack / cued

depleted levels of _________(benzodiazepine system) are associated with increased anxiety

GABA

● area of the brain most often associated with anxiety ● acts as a mediator between the brainstem and the cortex

Limbic system

activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that signal danger

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

This circuit produces an immediate alarm-and-escape response that looks very much like panic in human

Fight/Flight System (Ffs)

the limbic system, including the amygdala, is overly responsive to stimulation or new information

abnormal bottom-up processing

controlling functions of the cortex that would down-regulate the hyperexcitable amygdala are deficient

Abnormal Top-Down Processing

m important personality trait that determines who will and who will not experience problems with anxiety under certain stressful conditions. ● general tendency to respond fearfully to anxiety symptoms ● tendency to become distressed in response to arousal-related sensations,

Anxiety Sensitivity

provoke the fear response and an assumption of danger

cues/ conditioned stimuli

places or situations similar to the one where the initial panic attack occurred.

external cues

increases in heart rate or respiration that were associated with the initial panic attack (exercise, activities)

internal cues

a tendency to be uptight or high-strung might be inherited. vulnerability

Generalized Biological Vulnerability

you grow up believing the world is dangerous and out of control, and you might not be able to cope when things go wrong based on your early experiences.

Generalized Psychological Vulnerability.

you learn from early experience, such as being taught by your parents, that some situations or objects are fraught with danger

Specific Psychological Vulnerability

for a therapy to be effective, it needs to target the underlying processes of change rather than the DSM-defined psychiatric syndromes

Process-Based Therapy (*anxiety)

excessive anxiety and worry characterized by muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue (probably the result of chronic excessive muscle tension), some irritability, and difficulty sleeping

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

a particular trait, which is the tendency to become distressed in response to arousal-related sensations

Anxiety Sensitivity

___ cardiac ______ leads to autonomic inflexibility because the heart is less responsive to certain tasks (autonomic restrictors

low, vagal tone

help educate patients in increasing their tolerance to uncertainty about the future and changing their beliefs about worrying

metacognitions

severe, unexpected panic attacks; they may think they're dying or otherwise losing control.

Panic Disorder

- Karl Westphal (1871) fear and avoidance of situations in which a person feels unsafe or unable to escape to get home or to a hospital in the event of a developing panic, panic-like symptoms, or other physical symptoms.

Agoraphobia

removing oneself from situations or activities that might produce the physiological arousal that somehow resembles the beginnings of a panic attack. Ex. avoiding exercise and sauna

intericeptive avoidance

disorder that is characterized by sweating, increased heart rate, and insomnia but not by reports of anxiety or fear, even though a severe fright is the cause

susto

similar to panic attack, shouting uncontrollably or bursting into tears

Ataques De Nervios (Hispanic Americans)

too much wind or gas in the body, which may cause blood vessels to burst

kyol goeu

occur during delta wave or slow-wave sleep

nocturnal panic

cues become associated with a number of different internal and external stimuli through a learning process

learned alarms

concentrates on exposing patients with panic disorder to the cluster of interoceptive (physical) sensations that remind them of their panic attacks.

panic control treatment

irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function.

specific phobia

● fear of blood ● strong vasovagal response to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection which cause a drop in blood pressure and a tendency to faint

Blood- Injection- Injury Phobia

fear of public transportation or enclosed places ● never experience panic attacks outside the context of their phobic object or situation

situational phobia

, a fear of small enclosed places

Claustrophobia

fears of situations or events occurring in nature Ex. heights, storms, water

natural environment phobia

Fear of animals and insects

animal phobia

fear of cold

pa-leng

Ways of developing a phobia

direct experience, experiencing false alarm, being told about danger, observing someone

being warned repeatedly about a potential danger is sufficient for someone to develop a phobia

information transmission

children's unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents or other important people in their life or that something will happen to the children themselves

Separation anxiety disorder

people who suffer severely around others

social anxiety disorder

intolerable performance anxiety

stage fright

rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected. ________________

selective mutism

exposure to a traumatic event during which an individual experiences or witnesses death or threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

when memories occur suddenly, accompanied by strong emotion, and the victims find themselves reliving the event.

Flashback

individuals show few or no symptoms immediately or for months after trauma, but at least 6 months later and perhaps years afterward, they develop full-blown PTSD

PTSD with delayed onset

similar to PTSD, severe reaction that some people have immediately ● occurring within the first month after the trauma

Acute Stress Disorder

process of adaptation to loss is prolonged and even intensifies with the passage of time instead of diminishing.

Pro-Longed Grief Disorder (PGD)

describe anxious or depressive reactions to life stress that are generally milder than would be seen in acute stress disorder or PTSD but are nevertheless impairing in terms of interfering with work or school performance, interpersonal relationships, or other areas of living

adjustment disorders

disturbed and developmentally inappropriate behaviors in children, emerging before 5 years of age, in which the child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults.

attachment disorders

the child will very seldom seek out a caregiver for protection, support, and nurturance

1. reactive attachment disorder

the child shows no inhibitions whatsoever to approaching adults. ● a child might engage in inappropriately intimate behavior by showing a willingness to immediately accompany an unfamiliar adult figure

disinhibited social engagement disorder

driven repetitive behaviors ● devastating culmination of the anxiety disorders.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate.

obsessions

the thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief.

compulsions

refers to keeping things in perfect order or doing something in a specific wa

symmetry obsessions

fear of harming others ● fear offending God

Aggressive (Forbidden) Obsessive Impulses

fear of germs ● Repetitive or excessive washing

cleaning

fear of throwing away ● Collecting objects with little/no actual sentimental value

hoarding

characterized by involuntary movement (sudden jerking of limbs)

tic disorder

(imagined ugliness) people are preoccupied with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance even though they are not really observable to others

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

fear of ugliness

Dysmorphophobia

excessive acquisition of things, difficulty discarding anything, and Jiving with excessive clutter under conditions best characterized as gross disorganization

hoarding disorder

Shopping or collecting things may be a response to feeling down or depressed

retail therapy

urge to pull out one's own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arms,

trichotillomania

repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage

excoriation

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders

valerie · 100問 · 2年前

AB PSY CHAPTER 7: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders