cardiovascular system

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問題一覧

is shaped like a blunt cone. It is about the size of the clenched fist of its owner

heart

heart averages about ___ cm long and __cm wide

12, 9

The heart of an adult male weighs about

250 to 390 grams

heart of an adult female usually weighs between

200 to 275 grams.

heart is located in?

center of the chest.

describe the position of location of the heart

slanted diagonally with about two-thirds of its bulk to the left of the body's midline

the heart is turned on its__so that the right ventricle is partially in front of the left, directly behind the ___

longitudinal axis, sternum

___ faces the left side and the back of the thorax.

left ventricle

the heart lies closer to the front of the___ than the back

thorax

the pointed end of the blunt cone is called the

apex

the apex extends

forward, downward and to the left.

normally, the apex is located between the ___ ribs on the ___. (a perpendicular line from the middle of the clavicle to the diaphragm).

fifth and sixth ,midclavicular line

the uppermost part of the heart called the

base

the base extends

upward, backward and to the right.

the base __ it lies just below the second rib.

anteriorly

it hangs by the great blood vessels inside a protective sac called the

pericardium (around the heart) or pericardial sac.

This is the outer, fibrous layer of connective tissue. kf the sac

Fibrous pericardium

This is the inner layer of serous tissue

Serous pericardium:

surrounds the pericardial cavity that contains a small amount

serous pericardial fluid.

serous pericardium layer is divided into two layers:

parietal and visceral layers

is the outer layer of the serous pericardium which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.

parietal layer

- is the inner layer which covers the outer surface of the heart and the adjoining portions of the large blood vessels. This is usually called the ___ because this forms the outer layer of the heart wall.

visceral layer,epicardium

- is a reddish, shiny membrane that is continuous with the visceral pericardium. - often surrounded with fats, and coronary blood vessels that supply and drain blood to and from the heart

EPICARDIUM

is the inner, thin, fibrous layer lined with simple squamous epithelial tissue (endothelium) which is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels and some connective tissues.

Endocardium (inside the heart)

- is the middle, thick layer of cardiac muscle that gives the heart special pumping ability. - it has three spiral layers of cardiac muscles which are attached to a fibrous ring (fibrous trigone) that forms the cardiac skeleton

myocardium

the spiral layers of cardiac muscles is the most effective arrangement for squeezing blood out of the heart's chambers.

myocardium

the wall of the ____ is thicker than the right because it must be strong enough to push blood and to supply blood to all parts of the body

left ventricle

ventricle is supplying only the lungs.

right ventricle

- as a result, the left ventricular blood pressure is higher

120mmHg

during contraction than in the right ventricular blood pressure

right ventricular blood pressure

(20 mmHg).

accommodates less blood pressure that is required to pump blood only a short distance and with lesser resistance into the ventricles.

thinner atrial wall

is a wall of muscle that divides the heart vertically down the middle into a right heart and a left heart.

septum

divides the upper part of the heart into right and left chambers called the atria

interatrial septum

divides the lower part of the heart into right and left chambers called the ventricles.

interventricular septum

the atria lead to the ventricles by way of the openings called

atrioventricular openings (right and left).

structure that direct the flow of the blood through the heart in the proper direction by maintaining a pressure gradient and thus preventing the backflow of blood (one direction of the blood flow).

heart valves

are the valves that guard the atrioventricular openings and direct the flow of the blood from the atria to the ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

consist of three cusps or flaps and direct the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Right atrioventricular valves or the tricuspid valves

are the valves that prevent blood in the pulmonary trunk and aorta from flowing back into the right and left ventricles.

semilunar valves

four(4) openings of the pulmonary veins 2. left atrioventricular opening

left atrium

opening of the aorta 2. left atrioventricular opening

left ventricle

opening of the superior vena cava 2. opening of the inferior vena cava 3. right atrioventricular opening

right atrium

. opening of the pulmonary trunk 2. right atriventricular opening

right ventricle

are vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the (right ventricle) heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary trunk (arteries)

is the artery that carries highly oxygenated blood away from the (left ventricle) heart to the body organs.

Aorta

are vessels that return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the (left atrium) heart.

Pulmonary veins (4)

are veins that drain venous blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the (right atrium) heart. These carry oxygen-poor blood from the body organs.

Superior and inferior vena cavae

The are the first branches of the aorta which supply blood to the heart. - These vessels supply the heart muscles with oxygen.

right and left coronary arteries

blood supply cycle process

right atrium,right ventricle,pulmonary artery,lungs,left atrium,left ventricle,aorta,rest of body

two parts of serous pericardium

parietal and visceral layer

three walls of the heart

epicardium myocardium endocardium

two parts of atrioventricular valves

right and left atrioventrucular valve

consist of two cusps and direct the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Left atrioventricular valves or bicuspid valves or mitral valves

valve is larger than the right. This is the aorti semilunar valve which allows freshly oxygenated blood to ent the aorta from the ventricle. This also prevents the back flow blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.

left seminoayr valve

what valve the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and is called the pulmor semilunar valve. This allows oxygen-poor blood to enter pulmonary artery on its way to the lungs from the right ventricles

Right semilunar valve

two parts of seminular valves

left semilunar and right semilunar valve

are vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary arteries

The largest arteries and veins that open into the heart function in pulmonary and systemic circulation

great vessels of the heart

wall is aimed to accommodate the higher left ventricular blood pressure which is required to pump blood to a greater distance against a high resistance of the vessels.

thicker ventricular wall

what ascends on ascending aorta

right and left coronary arteries

what ascends on aortic arch

left common carotid artery left brachiocephalic trunk left subclavian artery

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