cranial merves

100問 • 2年前

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mushroom-shaped organ which is one of the largest organs of the body hose normal weight in adults is 1,300 grams (3 lbs)

brain

Technically, the brain is called

encephalon

which are the four division of the brain

brainstem diencephalon cerebrum cerebellum

parts of the brain stem

1.1. Medulla oblongata 1.2. Pons varolli 1.3. Midbrain

diencephalon parts

thalamus hypothalamus

constitue about 7/8 of the total weight of the brain

cerebrum

inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem

cerebellum

is the outermost cranial meninx

dura mater

is continuous with the spinal dura mater and extends into the fissure that divides the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum (flax Cerebri

inner dura matter

a dura mater fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

is actually the periosteal layer of the skull bones. This is a tough, fibrous layer containing veins and arteries that nourish the bones

outer dura mater

is the middlemost layer of the meninges found between the dura mater and pia mater.

arachnoid membrane

arachnoid membrane is made up of what?

connective tissue

mater and pia mater. This is made up of delicate connective tissue. In between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the subrachnoid space which contains the??

cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

is the delicate innermost meningeal layer. It directly covers, and is attached to, the outer surface of the brain, and dips down into the Suici between the raised ridges of the brain. This has a large number of small blood vessels

pia mater

are spaces / cavities in the brain that communicate with each other

ventricles of the brain

central canal of the spinal cord and with the subarachnoid space

ventricles of the brain

ventricles include?

Lateral ventricles (2) 2 Third ventricle (1) 3. Fourth ventricle (1) 4. Interventricular foramen (1) 5. Cerebral aqueduct (1)

colorless fluid of watery consistency, which is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood

cerebrospinal fluid

what chemical cerebrospinal fluid contain?

proteins, glucose, urea and salts

how cerebrospinal fluid formed

network of capillaries (choroid plexuses) located in the ventricles;

also may be formed of cerobrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

the entire central nervous system contais?

124 ml

provides a special environment in which the brain floats, cushioning it against hard blows and sudden movements, or provides a protective buoyancy for the brain

subarchnoid space

Maintenance of homeostasis by helping to control the chemical environment of the central nervous system, and 3. It conveys excess components and unwanted substances away from the extracellular fluid and into the venous portion of the blood circulatory system.

cerebrospinal fluid

The largest and most complex structure of the nervous system

cerebrum

Consists of two cerebral hemispheres, the right and left halves or hemispheres. These are separated by a deep groove called

longitudinal fissure

cerbrum Composed of upfoldings called

gyri

convolutions; deep downfoldings called

fissure

shallow downfoldings

sulci

Internally, the two hemispheres are connected by a large bundle of transverse fibers composed of white mater called

corpus callosum

Its longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres is an extension of cranial dura mater called

falx cerebri

4 lobes of cerbrum

frontal, parietal, temporal and occpital lobes

The sulci that divide the cerebral hemisphere into lobes are central sulcus (separating the frontal lobe from parietal lobes:

fissure of rolando

what sulci separating the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe)

fissure of sylvius

found between parietal lobe and occipital lobe)

parieto-occipital line

The cerebrum separates from the cerebellum by a deep groove

transverse cerebral fissure

what hemispher of cerebrum usually active in speech, writing, calculation, language, comprehension, analytical thought processes and sorting out parts of things:

left hemisphere

usually more specialized for the appreciation of spatial relationships, conceptual nonverbal ideas, simple language comprehension, general though processes and concentrating on the whole;

right hemisphere

Governs all mental activities; 4. Organ of associative memory: 5. Seat of reason, intelligence, will and consciousness; 6. Interpreter of sensations; 7. Instigator of voluntary acts; and 8. Controlling force on reflex acts

cerebrum

called the 'motor lobe") is involved with two basic cerebral

frontal lobe

concerned with the evaluation of the general senses and of taste it integrates and processes the general information that is necessary to create an awareness of the body and its relation to its external environment

parietal lobe

the lobe located closest to the ears. It has critical functional roles in hearing, equilibrium and to a certain degree emotion and memory.

temporal lobe

contains the visual cortex and is made up of several areas organized for vision and its associated forms of expression.

occipital lobe

This is the deep part of the cerebrum. Connecting the midbrain with the cerebral hemispheres. It houses the third ventricle, and is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

diencephalon

composed of two egg-shaped masses of gray matter covered by a thin layer of white mater. It is located in the center of the cranial cavity, directly beneath the cerebrum and above the hypothalamus

thalamus

Functionally, this is the intermediate relay point and processing center for all sensory impulses (except the sense of smell) ascending to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia and other sources.

thalamus

lies directly under the thalamus. It is a small region (about the size of a lump of sugar and only 1/300 of the brain's total volume) located in the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

hypothalamus

Extending from the hypothalamus is the

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

pituitary gland (hypophysis) which is neatly housed within the cells of what?

sellaturcica

is responsible for changes in the heart rate and blood pressure. blushing, dryness of the mouth, clammy hands, crying, gastrointestinal discomfort, fidgeting and many other emotional expressions.

autonomic nervous system

The hypothalamus produces the hormones

oxytocin and Adh

This is a butterfly-shaped organ located behind the pons in the posterior cranial fossa. It is the second largest part of the brain

cerebellum

separated from the occipital lobe of the cerebrum by a fold of dura mater called .

tentorium cerebella

external parts of cerebellum

vermis floccunlodular lobes lateral bones

worm-like and is the midline portion

vermis

or vestibular cerebellum are the smaller lobes

Flocculonodular lobes (2)

cerebellar hemispheres are the larger lobes These are considered as the lateral wings and are separated by an extension of cranial dura mater called falxcerebelli

lateral bones

ateral wings and are separated by an extension of cranial dura mater called

falx cerebeli

the surface layer of gray matter that covers the lobes of the cerebellum

cerebellar cortex

white matter tracts) is a branched arrangement of white matter beneath the gray matter.

arbor vitae

are masses of gray matter deep within the white matter

cerebellar nuclei

internal parts of the cerebellum

cerebellar cortex arbor vitae cerebellar nuclei

This is an expanded continuation of the spinal cord, extending slightly forward and upward from the level of the foramen magnum to the pons. 2. The organ is the lowermost portion of the brainstem and is situated in the inferior part of the cranial cavity.

medulla oblongata

which are composed of the largest motor tracts that pass from the outer region of the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

pyramids

5. On the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata are two pairs of bumps.

Clava or tuberculum gracilis Cuneate tubercle or tuberculum cuneatus

uppermost portion of the brainstem and form a connecting bridge between the medulla and the midbrain. It is found in front of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum Functionally, this functions as conduction pathway of impulses and helps control respiration

pons varolli

narrow segment of nervous tissue that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain. This extends from the pons to the lower portion of the diencephalon. It is, therefore, a segment of the brainstem located between the diencephalon and the pons

midbrain

concerned with the orientation of the head in space

righting reflex center

which is concerned with the position of the head in relation to the trunk and with the adjustments of the extremities and the eyes to the position of the head.

postural reflex center

nerves of the cerebrum

cranial nerves 1 and 2

are nerves of the brainstem

3 to 12

emerges from cervical spinal cord

accesory nerve

conducts umpulses related to the sense of smell

olfactory nerve (1)

the nerve of vision

optic nerve (2)

the nerve of vision

Oculomotor nerve (III)

is the smallest of the cranial nerves and supplies motor and sensory fibers to the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball

Trochlear nerve (IV)

is the largest of the cranial nerves and the great sensory nerves of the head and the face

Trigeminal nerve (V)

supplies the lateral muscle of the eyeball

abducens nerve

supplies the lateral muscle of the eyeball

Abducens nerve (VI)

the great motor nerve of the face and is concerned with facial expression

Facial nerve (VII)

is concerned with hearing and with equilibrium

Acoustic nerve (VIII)

is important in the act of swallowing

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

is the wandering nerve. It's name because of its extensive distribution of any cranial nerves, hence the longest of the cranial nerves. This innervates the structures in the head, neck, thoracic and abdomen

Vagus nerve (X)

the wandering nerve. It's name because of its extensive distribution of any cranial nerves, hence the longest of the cranial nerves. This innervates the structures in the head, neck, thoracic and abdomen

Vagus nerve (X)

supplies the sternocleidomastoid muscles and part of the trapezius muscles

Accessory nerve (XI)

innervates the muscles of the tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

are concerned with the specialized (special) senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance as well as the general sense and other sensory inputs. The nerves are also involved with the specialized motor activities of eye movement, chewing, swallowing, breathings, speaking and facial expression. The vagus nerve is an exception since the fibers are projecting to organs in the abdomen and thorax

cranial nerves

Which of the four governs all mental activities?

cerebrum

Which division houses the third ventricle and composes of the thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

Which division that plays a role in maintaining muscle tone, equilibrium and posture

cerebellum

Which division the pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain belong?

brainstem

Which lobe is concerned with the evaluation of the general senses and of taste?

parietal lobe

Which lobe has critical functional roles in hearing, equilibrium and to a certain degree, emotion and memory

temporal lobe

Which of the three is the inferior-most and joins with the spinal cord At what opening, the two unite?

medulla oblongata, foramen magnum

Which portion is found in front of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum?

pons varolli

composed of two-egg masses of gray matter covered with a thin layer of white matter

thalamus

forms the connecting bridge between the medulla and the midbrain.

pons and varolli

the deep groove that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

transverse cerebral fissure

100

the network of capillaries within the ventricles of the brain that form cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexuses

anaphy

Conan Clint · 100問 · 2年前

anaphy