provides oxygen to the body, disposes carbon dioxide and helps regulate blood pH

Gas exchange occurs in the air sacs of the lungs, called???

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

parts of the nose

Failure of the palatine bones to fuse medially; results in breathing difficulty and problems with oral cavity functions, such as eating and speaking.

act as resonance chambers for speech and produce mucus draining into the nasal cavities

Four (4) paranasal sinuses

wall of tissue separating the two halves nasal cavities

inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to cold viruses or allergens; excessive mucus production nasal congestion and postnasal drip

inflammation of a sinus; same symptoms as rhinitis but with pain and headache; more difficult to treat

Muscular passageway commonly called the

Serves as a common passageway for food and air and is continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorly

Three (3) regions of pharynx

canals connecting the pharynx to the middle ear

clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection; becomes inflamed and swollen which obstructs the nasopharynx

Also known as the "voicebox"; routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech

largest of the 8 hyaline cartilages which protrudes anteriorly (Adam's apple)

Formed by eight (8) rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap or elastic cartilage called the

VOCAL FOLDS or true vocal cords pair of folds inside the larynx that vibrate with expelled air which allows the ability to speak

The vocal folds and the passageway between them are called the

A windpipe made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, extending from the larynx to the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra (mid chest) + It is lined with ciliated mucosa and is surrounded by goblet cells

and without them coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs

Triggered to prevent a substance from continuing into the lungs + Controlled by the Medulla oblongata of the brain + This protective reflex DOES NOT WORK when we are unconscious

a procedure in which air in a person's own lungs is used to "pop out" or expel an obstructing piece of food with back blows and abdominal thrusts

emergency surgical opening of the trachea to provide an alternative route for air to reach the lungs

+ The right and left main (primary) bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea and each bronchi branches into the lungs 1. Primary bronchi 2. Secondary (lobar) bronchi 3. Tertiary (Segmental) bronchi 4. Bronchioles 5. Terminal Bronchioles

A large organ occupying the entire thoracic cavity except the most central area (mediastinum) Apex: deep in the clavicle Base: above the diaphragm

Lung tissue is mainly?

They only weigh only about 2 1/2 lbs and are soft and spongey

serous membrane covering the surface of each lung

- lining of the walls of the thoracic cavity

potential space between the pleural sac and the lung

slippery serous fluid which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing

slippery serous fluid which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing

Inflammation of the pleurae that can be caused by: (1) insufficient secretion of pleural fluid surfaces become dry and rough, resulting to friction and stabbing pain with each breath (can mimic angina); (2) excessive amounts of pleural fluid = which exerts pressure on the lungs.

A network formed by the branching and re- branching of the respiratory passageways within the lungs

passageways toward the respiratory zone (trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles)

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveiolar sacs Alveoli "air sacs"

An air sac or air space; one of millions of hollow distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where oxygen (O2) is exchanged for carbon dioxide (CO2)

holes on the walls of the alveoli connecting air sacs and provide alternate routes for air to reach the alveoli

dust cells"; final line of defense for the respiratory system

complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, produced by the epithelial cells of the alveoli to reduce surface tension

membrane formed by the alveolar and capillary walls where gas (air) flows past on one side and blood on the other

Process of supplying oxygen (O2) to the body by the respiratory system

Breathing"; Air moves into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously refreshed

Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs via bloodstream

- Gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells via the capillaries

use of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process that depends on

Changes in volume lead to changes in

TWO (2) PHASES OF BREATHING:

Muscles: Diaphragm, external intercostals + Chest is expanded laterally, rib cage is elevated, and diaphragm is depressed

A passive process that depends more on the natural elasticity of the lungs than on muscle contraction Rib cage descends, the diaphragm relaxes superiorly, and the lungs recoil

active process of expiration due to narrowed respiratory passageways (asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia)

Actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood via simple diffusion

inspired air what happen to the co2 and o?

Exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue cells + Oxygen (O2) leaves and carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the blood

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues. Skin becomes bluish or cyanotic.

Controls the rhythm of breathing; stimulates the respiratory muscles Normal Quiet Breathing Rate: 12-15 respirations/minute (Eupnea

Communicates with MO to modify timing between inhalation and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Smooth muscles of the bronchi tighten in reaction to certain stimulants. Airways become narrower, which blocks the flow of air and makes it harder to breathe.

Albuterol, Theophylline, Ipratropium bromide, etc.)

talking, coughing and exercising

(Conscious control) - singing, swimming and swallowing

initiated by emotional stimulus via hypothalamus

oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

group of chronic inflammatory lung diseases that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs History of smoking Dyspnea of difficulty of breathing Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections Hypoxic and may develop respiratory failure

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, causing more deaths than breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. combined

deep in the clavicle

above the diaphram

why there are three lobes in the right lung and left has two?