inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues. Skin becomes bluish or cyanotic.

Muscular passageway commonly called the

A windpipe made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, extending from the larynx to the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra (mid chest) + It is lined with ciliated mucosa and is surrounded by goblet cells

Four (4) paranasal sinuses

passageways toward the respiratory zone (trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles)

Failure of the palatine bones to fuse medially; results in breathing difficulty and problems with oral cavity functions, such as eating and speaking.

VOCAL FOLDS or true vocal cords pair of folds inside the larynx that vibrate with expelled air which allows the ability to speak

dust cells"; final line of defense for the respiratory system

use of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide

wall of tissue separating the two halves nasal cavities

Controls the rhythm of breathing; stimulates the respiratory muscles Normal Quiet Breathing Rate: 12-15 respirations/minute (Eupnea

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, causing more deaths than breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. combined

inflammation of a sinus; same symptoms as rhinitis but with pain and headache; more difficult to treat

+ The right and left main (primary) bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea and each bronchi branches into the lungs 1. Primary bronchi 2. Secondary (lobar) bronchi 3. Tertiary (Segmental) bronchi 4. Bronchioles 5. Terminal Bronchioles

Muscles: Diaphragm, external intercostals + Chest is expanded laterally, rib cage is elevated, and diaphragm is depressed

- Gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells via the capillaries

An air sac or air space; one of millions of hollow distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where oxygen (O2) is exchanged for carbon dioxide (CO2)

A passive process that depends more on the natural elasticity of the lungs than on muscle contraction Rib cage descends, the diaphragm relaxes superiorly, and the lungs recoil

act as resonance chambers for speech and produce mucus draining into the nasal cavities

Also known as the "voicebox"; routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech

slippery serous fluid which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing

They only weigh only about 2 1/2 lbs and are soft and spongey

holes on the walls of the alveoli connecting air sacs and provide alternate routes for air to reach the alveoli

Exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue cells + Oxygen (O2) leaves and carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the blood

complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, produced by the epithelial cells of the alveoli to reduce surface tension

inspired air what happen to the co2 and o?

above the diaphram

Changes in volume lead to changes in

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs via bloodstream

Actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood via simple diffusion

A network formed by the branching and re- branching of the respiratory passageways within the lungs

Triggered to prevent a substance from continuing into the lungs + Controlled by the Medulla oblongata of the brain + This protective reflex DOES NOT WORK when we are unconscious

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process that depends on

group of chronic inflammatory lung diseases that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs History of smoking Dyspnea of difficulty of breathing Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections Hypoxic and may develop respiratory failure

potential space between the pleural sac and the lung

Formed by eight (8) rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap or elastic cartilage called the

Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli

The vocal folds and the passageway between them are called the

talking, coughing and exercising

Parasympathetic

serous membrane covering the surface of each lung

parts of the nose

Breathing"; Air moves into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously refreshed

A large organ occupying the entire thoracic cavity except the most central area (mediastinum) Apex: deep in the clavicle Base: above the diaphragm

Albuterol, Theophylline, Ipratropium bromide, etc.)

TWO (2) PHASES OF BREATHING:

Serves as a common passageway for food and air and is continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorly

emergency surgical opening of the trachea to provide an alternative route for air to reach the lungs

(Conscious control) - singing, swimming and swallowing

- lining of the walls of the thoracic cavity

Smooth muscles of the bronchi tighten in reaction to certain stimulants. Airways become narrower, which blocks the flow of air and makes it harder to breathe.

largest of the 8 hyaline cartilages which protrudes anteriorly (Adam's apple)

slippery serous fluid which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing

membrane formed by the alveolar and capillary walls where gas (air) flows past on one side and blood on the other

inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to cold viruses or allergens; excessive mucus production nasal congestion and postnasal drip

Inflammation of the pleurae that can be caused by: (1) insufficient secretion of pleural fluid surfaces become dry and rough, resulting to friction and stabbing pain with each breath (can mimic angina); (2) excessive amounts of pleural fluid = which exerts pressure on the lungs.

Gas exchange occurs in the air sacs of the lungs, called???

and without them coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs

deep in the clavicle

why there are three lobes in the right lung and left has two?

Communicates with MO to modify timing between inhalation and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising

Process of supplying oxygen (O2) to the body by the respiratory system

initiated by emotional stimulus via hypothalamus

provides oxygen to the body, disposes carbon dioxide and helps regulate blood pH

clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection; becomes inflamed and swollen which obstructs the nasopharynx

canals connecting the pharynx to the middle ear

active process of expiration due to narrowed respiratory passageways (asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia)

oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Sympathetic

Lung tissue is mainly?

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveiolar sacs Alveoli "air sacs"

Three (3) regions of pharynx

a procedure in which air in a person's own lungs is used to "pop out" or expel an obstructing piece of food with back blows and abdominal thrusts