urinary system

78問 • 2年前

問題一覧

is the major excretory system of the body; filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood and helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.

The urinary system

parts of the urinary system

Kidneys Ureters Urinarybladder Urethra

__ are retroperitoneal, beanshaped organs located on each side ofthe vertebral column. Convex laterallyand has a medial indentation called _

Kidneys, renal hilum.

The __kidney is slightly lower thanthe <<< due to the liver

right kidney

. Sitting atop each kidney is an .

adrenalgland

-most superficial; made up of densefibrous connective tissue; anchors thekidney and adrenal gland tosurrounding structures

RENAL FASCIA ("Gerota's fascia")

- fattymass that cushions each kidneyagainst blows

PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE

encloses each kidney

FIBROUS or RENAL CAPSULE -

triangular regions ofthe medulla

Renal or medullarypyramids

extensions of the cortex thatseparates thepyramids

Renal columns

- flat,funnel-shaped tubecontinuous with theureter leaving thehilum

Renal Pelvis

extensions of thepelvis forming cupshaped "drains" thatenclosetips of therpyramids

Calyx/calyce

are thestructural andfunctional units ofthe kidneys and areresponsibleforming urine.

Nephrons

Each nephron has a ___ to collectfluid fromnephrons andconvey it to therenal pelvis

collectingduct

NEPHRON;STRUCTURE . Two (2) main structures:

Renal corpuscle Renal Tubule

- a knot of capillaries

Glomerulus

cup-shaped hollow structure that surroundsthe glomerulus completely

Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) -

highlyFiltration slits modified cellsthat contains filtration slits

Podocytes

parts of renal corpuscl

Glomerulus Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) Podocytes

RENAL TUBULE Four (4) Regions:

1. Proximal ConvolutedTubule (PCT) 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal ConvolutedTubule (DCT) 4.Collecting tubule

contains microvilli on its surfacel

Proximal ConvolutedTubule (PCT)

nephron loop

Loop of Henle

deliver the final urineproduct into the calycesand renal pelvis

Collecting tubule

. Two (2) capillary beds:

Glomerulus Peritubular capillary bed

Only capillary in the body thatreceives blood from the afferentarteriole and drains into anefferent arteriole

GLOMERULUS

High pressure inside vesselsforces __ and __out of the blood into the glomerular capsule (Filtration)

fluid and small solutes

Receives blood from theefferent arteriole and drains into the interlobar veins. Low-pressure, porous vesselsfor absorption Receive solutes and water

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY BED

FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

Excretion Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of blood solute concentrations

The kidneys filter unwantedsubstances from the blood andproduce urine to excrete them.

URINEFORMATION

Urine formation is a result of three (3) processes:

1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

It is a nonselective,passive process ofmoving materialsacross the filtrationmembrane intothe Bowman'scapsule to formafiltrate.

GLOMERULARFILTRATION

Filtration removes only thosesubstances small enough to fitthrough the filtration membrane

GLOMERULARFILTRATION

Blood plasma is filtered but ___and ___sare normally too large to passthrough the filtration membrane

blood proteins and blood cell

is a selectiveprocess that begins as soon as the filtrate(water, ions, nutrients, wastes and gases)enters the proximal convoluted tubule

Tubular reabsorption

what are the materials in the tubular reabsorption are transported out of thefiltrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood

Water, glucose, amino acid and needed ions

A reverse process of tubular reabsorption

TUBULARSECRETION

these are materials that is removedfrom the peritubular blood andsecreted by the tubule cells backinto the filtrate

Hydrogen (H+), Potassium (K+),Creatinine, and drugs

Unwanted substances that remain in thefiltrate andexcreted from the body via urine

NitrogenousWasteProducts

Common nitrogenous wastes include ff

Urea Uric acid - Creatinine

formed by the liver as an endproduct of protein breakdown

urea

created whenbody breaks down chemicals called purines

uric acid

byproduct of creatine, whichhelps muscles get the energy that they need

Creatinine

abnormally lowurinary output:usually between100 and400mL/day

OLIGURIA

No orminimal output(≤100ml)

ANURIA

Excessive output2L/day)

POLYURIA

normal urine output

800-2000 ml/day

contains everything that blood plasma does (exceptproteins), but by the time it reaches the collecting ducts, the filtratehas lost most of its water and just about all of its nutrients andnecessary ions.

filtrate

contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excesssubstances

Urine

Freshly voided urine is generally

clear and deep vellow (due to urochrome, apigment that results from the body'sdestruction of hemoglobin)

The more solutes in the urine (Na+. Urea.Uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate)the deeper the yellow its color

(Concentrated urine).

is pale. straw color.

dilute urine

Nonpathological: Excessive intake of sugaryfoods Pathological: Diabetes mellitus

Glycosuria (gli"ko-su're-ah)

Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Proteinuria (pro"te-ĭ-nu're-ah)(also called albuminuria)

Urinary tract infection

Pyuria (pi-u're-ah)

Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma,kidney stones, infection)

Hematuria (he"mah-tu're-ah)

Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

Hemoglobinuria(he"mo-glo-bi-nu're-ah)

liver disease (hepatitis) substance: bile pigment

irubinuria (bil"i-roo-bi-nu're-ah)

Two slender tubes thaturine from therenal hilum of the kidneys to the bladder

ureters

. Ureters contain smooth muscle muscle layers intheir walls that contract to propel urine by

peristalsis

Urine is prevented from flowing back into theureters by ___ of bladdermucosa that cover the ureter openings

small valve-like folds

When urine becomes extremelyconcentrated, solutes such as uric acidsalts form crystals called

renal calicul or kidney stones

. Cause/s: Frequent bacterial infections ofthe urinary tract and urinary retention Sx: Excruciating pain radiating to theflank (lateral, posterior lower back) . Tx: Surgery, Lithotripsy (ultrasoundwaves)

RENAL CALICULI orKIDNEY STONES

A smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily;located in the pelvis areaposterior to the pubic symphysis

urinary bladder

Three (3) openings of urinary bladder

- (2) ureteral orifices - (1) internal urethral orifice

- three (3) layers of smooth musclesthat facilitate contraction of the bladder wall duringmicturition or urination

Detrusor muscles

A moderately full bladder isabout 12.5cm (5 inches) longand holds about ___ ofurine but it is capable ofholding more than twice theamount

500ml

A thin-walled tube thatcarries urine by peristalsisfrom the bladder to theoutside of the body

URETHRA

- involuntary;keeps the urethra closedwhen urine is not beingpassed

Internal Urethral Sphincter

- voluntary;formed by skeletal muscle

External UrethralSphincter

voluntary;formed by skeletal muscle

External UrethralSphincter -

in what gender the urethra is longera and opens at the tip of thepenis after travelling down itslength. It has double functionof carrying both urine andasperm (in semen) but neverat the same time..

in men

in what gender the urethra'sopening lies anterior tovaginal opening. Its onlyafunction is to conduct urinefrom the bladder.

In women,

Common infection that happens when bacteria,often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra,and infecturinary tract. Cause/s: poor personal hygiene, not drinkingenough fluids, diabetes, bowel incontinence, frequent sexual intercoursemultiple partners . S/Sx: dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgencyand frequency, fever, and sometimes cloudy onblood-tinged urine . Usually more common in women but UTIs in menare more common with older age (related toprostate)

URINARYTRACTINFECTION

or voiding. is the act of emptying the bladder

MICTURITION

a. 200ml collectedurine in thebladder b.External urethralsphincter relaxes→ release urine c.Stretching of thebladder wallactivates stretchreceptors d. Send signal tosacral regions ofspinal cord e. Pelvic splanchnicnerves → Reflexcontractions f. Internal urethralsphincter contracts(Person will feelthe urge to void) correct the order

a,c,d,e,f,b

. In adults, chronic renal disease oftendevelop together with other chronic healthconditions . The leading causes are Diabetes Mellitus.(DM), Hypertension, repeated kidneyinfections, physical trauma to the kidneys(Crush Injury), chemical poisoning(Mercury & Lead)

RENAL OR KIDNEYFAILURE

WARNING SIGNS: high bloodpressure, frequent and painfulurination, puffy eyes, swollenhands or feet Urinalysis: Proteinuria - earlymarker of kidney damage Blood Test: Creatinine levels -used to estimate the rate ofblood filtration.

RENAL ORKIDNEYFAILURE

uses anartificial kidneyapparatus where thepatient's blood ispassed through atubing that filtersselected substances

dialysis

anaphy

Conan Clint · 100問 · 2年前

anaphy