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39問 • 2年前

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Observing and implementing laboratory safety precautions are of utmost importance in the medical technology practice. Individuals who handle and process microbiological specimen are vulnerable to pathogenic microorganisms which are possible sources of

laboratory acquired infections (LAI).

(LAI)

laboratory acquired infections

Laboratory biosafety and biosecurity traces its history in

North America and Western Europe.

origins of biosafety is rooted in the US biological weapons program which began

1943

was eventually terminated by US President ___ in ___

President Richard Nixon in 1969

first scientific director of Camp Detrick (which eventually became Fort Detrick),

, Ira L. Baldwin

designed modifications for biosafety at Camp Derrick. He engaged some of Camp Detrick's leading scientists about the nature of their work, and developed specific technical solutions such as Class III safety cabinets and laminar flow hoods to address specific risks

Newell A. Johnson

American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) when was formed

1984

who described the use of mechanical pipettors to prevent laboratory-acquired infections in 1907 and 1908 (Kruse (1991), cited by Salerno, 2015).

Arnold Wedum

when did a pharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania developed a ventilated cabinet to prevent infection from mycobacterium tuberculosis

1909

At the height of increasing mortality and morbidity due to smallpox in

1967

World Health Assembly to consolidate the remaining virus stocks into two locations:

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (SRCVB VECTOR) in Russia.

the CDC published the Classification of Etiological Agents on the Basis of Hazard, that introduced the concept of establishing ascending levels of containment associated with risks in handling groups of infectious microorganisms that present similar characteristics

1974

Two years later, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the United States published the

NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules

marked the development of the practice of laboratory biosafety

WHO's first edition of Laboratory Biosafety Manual (1983) and the CDC NIH's jointly-published first edition of the Biosafety in Microbialogical and Biomedical Laboratories (1984),

levels are the technical means of mitigating the risk of accidental infection from or release of agents in the laboratory setting as well as the community and environment it is situated in.

biosafety

are concentrated in a combination of engineered controls, administrative controls, and practices, the emphasis is clearly on the equipment and facility controls, with little attention given to risk assessment.

biosafety levels

who adopted the administrative role of ensuring that the proper equipment and facility controls are in place based on the specified biosafety level of the laboratory

biosafety officers

director of Industrial Health and Safety at the US Army Biological Research Laboratories in 1944,

Arnold Wedum

was recognized as one of the pioneers of biosafety that provided the foundation for evaluating the risks of handling infectious microorganisms and for recognizing biological hazards and developing practices, equipment, and facility safeguards for their control.

arnold wedum

Wedum and microbiologist Morton Reitman, colleagues at Fort Detrick, analyzed multiple epidemiological studies of laboratory-based outbreaks.

1966

In 1996, the US government enacted the

Select Agent Regulations

to monitor the transfer of a select list of biological agents from one facility to another

Select Agent Regulations

then required specific security measures for any facility in the United States that used or stored one or more agents on the new, longer list of agents

Select Agent Regulations

a regional professional society for biosafety and biosecurity founded in 1984. It promotes biosafety as a scientific discipline and provides guidance to its members on the regulatory regime present in North America.

American Biological Safety Association (ABSA)

a group founded in 2005 that acts as a professional society for biosafety professionals in the Asia-Pacific region. Its members are from Singapore, Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Myanmar. Active members of the International Biosafety Working Group are required to directly contribute to the development of the best biosafety practices

Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (A-PBA) a

nem-profit organization founded in June 1996 to represent thovide a forum for discussions and deliates on fond of concern and to represent those working in the field of himafety, EBSA foetuses on encouraging and communicating among its members information and issues on biosafety and biosecurity as well as emerging legislation and standards

a non-profit organization founded in June 1996, that aims to provide a forum for discussions and debates on issues of concern and to represent those working in the field of biosafety, EBSA focuses on encouraging and communicating among its members information and issues on biosafety and biosecurity as well as emerging legislation and standards

European Biological Safety Association (EBSA

created by a multi- disciplinary team with members coming from the health and education sectors as well as individuals from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. Also included are members of the steering committee and technical working groups of the National Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity Action Plan Task Force established as per DPO No. 2006-2500 dated September 15, 2006. A long term goal of the association is to assist the DA and DOH in their efforts to create a national policy and implement plan for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity

Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA)

a non-government and non-profit association that works to serve the emergent concerns of biological risk management in various professional fields such as in the health, agriculture, and technology sectors throughout the country. It has launched numerous activities in cooperation and collaboration with other associations, on a national and international scale in the promotion of biosafety, biosecurity, and biorisk management as scientific disciplines. BRAP goes by the tagline, "assess, mitigate, monitor."

Biological Risk Association Philippines (BRAP

LBM

Laboratory Biosafety Manual

the containment principles, technologies, and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release

biosafety

refers to "the protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological materials within laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion, or intentional release" (WHO, 2006).

biosecurity

includes microorganisms that are unlikely to cause human or animal disease. These microorganisms bring about low individual and community risk

risk group 1

ncludes microorganisms that are unlikely to be a significant risk to laboratory workers and the community, livestock, or the environment. Laboratory exposure may cause infection, however, effective treatment and preventive measures are available while the risk of spread is limited. This risk group bring about moderate individual risk and limited community risk.

Risk group 2-i

-includes microorganisms that are known to cause serious diseases to humans or animals and may present a significant risk to laboratory workers. It could present a limited to moderate risk if these microorganisms spread in the community or the environment, but there are usually effective preventive measures or treatment available. They bring about high individual risk, and limited to moderate community risk.

Risk group 3

includes microorganisms that are known to produce life-threatening diseases to humans or animals. It represents a significant risk to laboratory

risk group 4

is suitable for work involving viable microorganisms that are defined and with well-characterized strains known not to cause disense in humans. Examples of microorganisms being handled in this level are Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and exempt organisms under the NIH Guidelines. This level is the most appropriate among undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories that require basic laboratory safety practices, safety equipment, and facility design that requires basic level of containment.

biosafety level 1

basically designed for laboratories that deal with indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community. It observes practices, equipment, and facility design that are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, and teaching laboratories consequently observing good microbiological techniques. Examples of microorganisms that could be handled under this level are Hepatitis B virus, HIV, salmonellae, and Toxoplasma species. BSL-2 is appropriate when work is done with human blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where there is uncertain presence of infectious agents. Hand washing sinks and waste decontamination facilities must be available and access to the laboratory must be restricted when work is being conducted. All procedures where infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biosafety cabinets or other physical containment equipment.

biosafety level 2

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Conan Clint · 100問 · 2年前

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