spinal cord and sinal nerves

81問 • 2年前

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It extends from the foramen magnum of the skull downward (caudally) for about 45 cm (18 inches) to the level of the first lumbar vertebra (L1) in adults.

spinal cord

The upper end of the organ is continuous with the lowermost part of the brain???

medulla oblongata

its lower end tapers off as the cone-shaped___ which is called ____. whichwhich is located in the vicinity of the___?

conus terminalis conus medullaris first lumbar vertebra.

extending caudally from the conus is a non-neural fiber called the?

filum terminale

filum terminale which is attached to the?

coccyx

It is slightly flattened dorsally and ventrally with two prominent enlargements

cervical and lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargements.

This filum consists of?

connective tissue

Emerging from these enlargements are the??

spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs.

spinal cord is divided into how many segments

31 segments

pair typically passes through a pair of_____ which is located between two ____, and is then distributed to a specific pair of segments of the body.

intervertebral foramina two succesive vertebrae

how many in cervical

how many in thoracic?

how many in lumbar

how many in sacral

how many coccygeal

The roots of all nerves pass caudally below the conus terminalis (below L1 vertebral level) resemble flowing coarse strands of hair. For this reason, the lumbar and sacral roots are collectively called____. which means _____?

cauda equine horse tail

spinal cord is protected by?

flexible bony vertebral column ligaments dura mater arachnoid membrane pia mater

a tough meninges, fibrous membrane that emerges with the filum terminale:

Dura mater

is a delicate meninges and transparent membrane which runs caudally to the S2 vertebral level, where it joins the filum terminale

Arachnoid membrane

is a thin highly vascular which is tightly attached to the spinal cord and its roots

pia mater

. Cross-sectionally, the spinal cord has a tiny__

central canal

central canal containing the cerebrospinal fluid and a dark portion of H-shaped or butterfly-shaped

gray mater

gray matter" surrounded by a larger area of ___?

white matter

is divided into more or less symmetrical left and right halves by a deep groove called the ____ and a median septum called th3

anterior median fissure posterior median septum

extending from the spinal cord are the ___ roots of the spinal nerve

dorsal and ventral roots

Cross-sectionally, the spinal cord has a tiny central canal containing the ___

cerebrospinal fluid

The H-shaped gray matter of the spinal cord has two pairs of columns that form the two vertical bars of the H which are called the ___

horn

The pairs that form the cross bars of the H is knows as

gray commissure

horns which run dorsally and function in afferent input

posterior horns

which run ventrally and function in efferent somatic output

anterior horns

Each nerve has a ventral (anterior) and a dorsal (posterior) root which meet shortly after leaving the spinal cord to form

a single mixed nerve

At each segment of the spinal cord, a pair of nerves branches and exits the

h shaped gray matter

ventral ( anterior)

motor

dorsal (posterior)

sensory

together with the cranial nerves it form the?

peripheral nervous system

spinal nerves are named for their

associated vertebra or above

Most spinal nerves pass through an

intervertebral foramen

A short distance after the dorsal and ventral roots join together to form a

spinal nerve proper

the nerve divides into several branches called

rami

innervate the skin of the back, the skin on the back of the head, and the tissues and intrinsic (deep) muscles of the back.

The branches of the dorsal ramus

innervate the skin tissues, and muscles of the neck, chest, abdominal wall. both pairs of the limbs, and the pelvic area.

The branches of the ventral ramus (mixed nerve)

innervates the vertebrae, spinal meninges, and spinal blood vessels

meningeal ramus

are composed of sensory (general visceral afferent) and motor nerve fibers associated with the autonomic nervous system innervating the visceral structure.

cami communicantes (ramus communicans)

complex networks of nerves formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves

plexuses

which does not participate in making of plexus

t2 through t12

is composed of the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C1 through C4. Its branches supply the muscles, skin of the neck, and posterior part of the scalp.

cervical plexuses

important branch of the cervical plexuses

phrenic nerve

is made up primarily of the ventral rami of C5 to CB and T1 spinal nerves This extends downward and laterally, passing behind the clavicle and into the armpit.

brachial plexus

branch of the brachial plexus

musculotaneous branch axillary branch median branch ulnar branch radial branch

Forms of Plexus

1. Cervical Plexus 2. Brachial Plexus 3. Lumbar Plexus 4. Sacral Plexus 5. Coccygeal Plexus

supplies the anterior arm muscles (biceps brachii) and the skin of the lateral forearm

Musculocutaneous branch

supplies the deltoid muscle and the skin over the deltoid muscle

axillary branch

supplies the flexor muscles in the anterolateral aspect of the forearm and the hand and the skin in the radial half of the palm

median branch

the largest branch of the plexus and innervates the iliopsoas and the quadriceps femoris muscles and the skin on the anteromedial aspect of thigh; and

femoral branch

innervates the adductor muscles of thigh and the skin.

obturator nerve

composed of fibers of the ventral rami of L4, L5, S1 through S3 spinal nerves. - its branches supply the structures in the buttocks, the perineum and the lower extremity. - several important branches are derived from the sacral plexus:

sacral plexus

is the thickest and longest nerve in the body which extends from the pelvic area to the foot and dividing above the knee into the common peroneal and tibial nerves.

sciatic nerve

supplies the posterior calf muscles

tibial nerve

supplies the lateral and anterior muscles of the leg

common peroneal nerve

innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata muscles

Superior gluteal nerve

innervates the gluteus maximus muscle

Inferior gluteal nerve

Intercostal nerves are the second through twelfth thoracic nerves (T2 to T12). the ventral rami of the intercostals nerves innervate muscles and skin in the thoracic and abdominal walls.

intercostal nerv

innervate intercostals muscles and the skin on the lateral and anterior thoracic walls.

intercostal nerves T2 through T6

innervate the intercostals muscles and the abdominal wall and its overlying skin.

nerves T7 through T12

deltoid

axillary nerve

diaphragm

phrenic nerve

Hamstring muscles

sciatic nerve

biceps brachii

musculocutaneous nerve

coracobrachialis

musculocutaneos nerve

quadriceps femoris muscles

fermoral nerve

gastrocnemuis

tibial nerve

triceps brachii

radial nerve

external intercostals

thoracic spinal nerve

glutues maximus

inferior gluteal nerve

how many inches which the spinal cord extend from the formen magnum to first lumbar

45 cm [18inch]

is a tough, fibrous membrane that emerges with the filum terminale

dura mater

is a delicate and transparent membrane which runs caudally to the S2 vertebral level, where it joins the filum terminale)

arachnoid membrane

thin highly vascular which is tightly attached to the spinal cord and its roots

pia mater

Posterior horns which run ___. and function in

dorsally, afferent input

Anterior homs which run___. function in__

ventrally efferent somatic input

most important branch of the cervical plexus

phrenic nerve

anaphy

Conan Clint · 100問 · 2年前

anaphy