muscles

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contractile proteins

actin, myosin, tropomyosin and troponin)

covering of a skeletal muscle tissue or the entire muscle tissue

Epimysium

divides skeletal muscle tissue into muscle fascicles (group of muscle fibers)

Perimysium

covering of a muscle fiber

Endomysium

outer limiting membrane of a muscle cell

Sarcolemma

are muscles whose contraction actually produces the movement;

Prime movers

are muscles that relax while the prime mover is contracting to produce movement

Antagonists

are muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover. (These may help the prime mover produce its movement.)

Synergists

fleshy center and often the widest part of the skeletal muscle;

Belly

parts of a muscle

origin, belly, insertion

end of a muscle attached to the bone that doesn't move and generally the more proximal attachment (closer to the axial skeleton); and

origin

point of attachment of the muscle on the bone that moves and generally the more distal attachment. The movable end of the muscle.

insertion

how many skeletal muscles

600

how muscles named

to size, shape, location, number of heads, attachment sites

BASIS IN IDENTIFYING MUSCLES

1.Origin 2.Insertion 3. Nerve supply 4.Action or movement

is a broad musculofibrous sheet that covers the top and the sides of the skull.

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)

composed of two muscular portions which are connected by a fibrous sheet called

epicranial aponeurosis or galea aponeurotica.

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis) Frontalis

elevates eyebrows (for surprised look); and

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis) Occipitalis

draws scalp backward.

Frontalis Origin: Insertion: Action:

cranial aponeurosis skin of eyebrows and root of nose elevates eyebrow

Occipitalis Action: Origin Insertion Action:

occipital and temporal bones cranial aponeurosis pulls scalp posteriorly

parts of epicranius

frontalis occipitalis

is a flat, elliptical muscle that sweeps around the circumference of the orbit. > sphincter muscle of eyelids

Orbicularis oculi

orbicularis oculi Origin: Insertion: Action:

frontal and maxillary bones Encircles orbit and inserts into tissue of eyelids closes eyes; produces blinking and squinting

> surrounds the opening of the mouth. This closes mouth, purses lips. This plays a significant role in speech. > sphincter muscle of lips >kissing muscle

Orbicularis oris

orbicularis oris Origin: Insertion: Action:

maxilla and mandible muscle and skin at angles of mouth closes mouth; purses and protrudes lips (kissing muscle)

muscles (major) arises from the zygomatic bone and inserted into the skin at angle of mouth. This draws angle of mouth upward (ame smiling)

zygomatic muscles

Origin: Insertion: Action:

zygomatic bone skin and muscle at corner of mouth raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling muscle)

appears as a bulging mass near the angle of the jaw; closes jaw and elevates mandible

masseter

is a fan-shaped muscle that covers the temporal bone; closes jaw and elevates mandible

temporalis

draws the jaw toward opposite side in grinding movements

Medial pterygoid

is the muscle coat of the cheeks, principal muscle of cheek, runs

Buccinator

is a broad sheet of muscle that lies just - under the skin in the anterolateral region of the neck. This draws outer part of the lower lip down and back (as in frowning).

platysma

Origin: fascia of chest (over pectoral muscle) and deltoid Insertion: lower margin of mandible and muscle at corner of mouth

platysma

is a two-headed muscle located deep to the platysma on antero-lateral surface of neck Origin: sternum and clavicle Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone Action: a) simultaneous contraction of both muscles of pair causes flexion of the neck forward; b) acting independently, rotate head toward opposite shoulder

Stemocleidomastoid

is a strong, band-like muscle that lies superficially across the side of the neck. > flexing of the neck or bowing when praying

Sternocleidomastoid

large fan-shaped muscle covering the upper part of the chest > forms the anterior wall of the chest > acts to adduct and flex the arm

Pectoralis major

is a large muscle that occupies the side of the chest and the medial wall of the axilla or armpit. > appears like the tooth of a saw or in a jagged fashion.

Serratus anterior

fill-in the spaces between ribs. > fibers extend downward and forward.

External intercostals

the contraction of these muscles raises the ribs, in what is called the

"bucket-handle movement"

➤lie undercover of the external intercostals and the fibers are directed downward and backward. > depresses the rib cage which help to move air out of the lungs during expiration

Internal intercostals

is a dome-shaped muscular partition which completely separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Diaphragm

Diaphragm >this has a central fibrous tissue portion which is called

central tendon and peripheral muscular portion.

three openings of diaphragm

vagus nerve and the esophagus; for the aorta, azygous vein and the thoracic duct; and for the inferior vena cava.

the contraction of the muscular portion, pulls the central portion downward and thus

thoracic cavity above is enlarged from top to bottom.

A.Muscles of the Arm

Biceps brachii b. Brachialis c. Coracobrachialis d. Triceps brachii e. Brachioradialis

Muscles of the Forearm a. Anterior compartments

1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor carpi ulnaris 3. Flexor carpi radialis 4. Palmaris longus

Muscles of the Forearm b. Posterior compartment

Brachioradialis 2. Extensor carpi radian longus and brevis 3. Extensor carpi ulnaris 4. Extensor digitorum

is a large, conspicuous muscle which small boys like to show when boasting of their physical strength - lies anterior to the humerus and forms a large part of the substance of the arm

Biceps brachii

- lies deep to the biceps brachii -extends from the distal anterior half of the humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna, covering and protecting the front of the elbow joint - a powerful flexor of the forearm

Brachialis

is a band-like muscle that extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the humerus

Coracobrachialis

Origin - Coracoid process of scapula Insertion - Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus. Action - Flexion and adduction arm at shoulder joint. Nerve supply - Musculocutaneous nerve

Coracobrachialis

-is single muscle on the posterior aspect of the arm. - arises by three heads: two from the humerus and a long one from the scapula.

Triceps brachii

"boxer's muscle

triceps brachii

- superficial muscle of the lateral forearm - fairly a muscle that arises on the humerus and inserts into the distal forearm - it resides mainly in the forearm -synergist of brachialis in forearm flexion

Brachioradialis

Its lateral border of the pronator teres forms the medial border of the antecubital fossa, an anatomical triangle located over the elbow.

Pronator teres

Originates from the medial epicondyle with the other superficial flexors. It also has a long origin from the ulna. It passes into the wrist and attaches to the pisiform carpal bone.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III. - Actions: Flexion and abduction at the wrist. - Innervation: Median nerve.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the flexor retinaculum (fibrous connective tissue) of the wrist. -Actions: Flexion at the wrist. - Innervation: median nerve

Palmaris longus

-A pair of muscles located on the side of the forearm, allowing them to control extension and abduction of the wrist. - Both originate from the humerus and attach to the base of the hand. -Actions: Extend and abduct the wrist.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis

Located on the other side of the forearm to the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, it performs a similar role. - Attachments: Originates from the humerus and attaches to the base of the hand. - Actions: Extension and adduction of wrist.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

The extensor digitorum is the main extensor of the fingers. Originates from the humerus, splitting into four tendons at the wrist which travel through the carpal tunnel and attach to the digits. - Actions: Extends fingers.

Extensor Digitorum

is a broad, thick, fleshy, quadrilateral muscle that forms much of the buttock - superficial muscle of the hip - this acts as an extensor muscle of the hip only when power is required, as in rising from a seated position also in running.

Gluteus maximus

- it runs from the ilium to the femur, beneath the gluteus maximus - is a hip abductor and is important in steadying the pelvis during walking - important site for intramuscular injections

Gluteus medius

innermost gluteal muscle; originates from the lateral surface of the ilium and inserted into the greater trochanter of the femur; - abducts the thigh and stabilizes pelvis on the floor

Gluteus minimus

muscles of the buttock

gluteus minimus gluteus medius gluteus maximus

- is a compound muscle made up of psoas major which arises from the lumbar vertebrae and iliacus which arises from the iliac fossa;

Iliopsoas

large muscle mass forming the medial aspect of thigh arise from front of pelvis and insert at various levels on femur

Adductor group of muscles (magnus, longus and brevis)

arises from the ischial and pubic rami

Adductor magnus

arises from the pubis near the pubic symphysis

Adductor longus

arises from the body and inferior ramus of pubis

Adductor brevis

-form the boundaries of the popliteal space - these are muscles that form the mass of the posterior thigh

Hamstring muscles

most medial muscle of the hamstring muscles, - arises from two heads of origin

Biceps femoris

Origin: ischial tuberosity and distal femur Insertion: tendon passes laterally to insert into head of fibula Action: extends thigh; laterally flexes knee

biceps femoris

lateral to biceps femoris Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: proximal tibia Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

Semitendinosus

found deep to semitendinosus Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: proximal thigh Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

Semimembranosus

hamstring muscles

biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

commonly referred to as the "tailor's muscle because it acts as a synergist to bring the cross-legged position

Sartorius

- is a two-bellied muscle that forms the curved calf of the posterior leg - arise from the femur and inserted into the calcaneus through the calcaneal tendon (thickest tendon in the body)

Gastrocnemius

- a fleshy muscle deep the gastrocnemius - it arises from the tibia and fibula rather than the femur - inserted into the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon - like the gastrocnemius, it is a strong plantar flexion of the foot

soleus

- a superficial muscle on the anterior leg - acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot Origin: lateral condyle and upper two thirds of the tibia Insertion: by a tendon into the anterior surface of the cuneiform and metatarsal 1 Action: prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts the foot.

tibialis anterior

found lateral to the tibialis anterior - the prime mover of toe extension and a dorsiflexor of the foot

Extensor digitorum longus

muscles of the leg

gastrocnemius soleus tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus

is the strongest and most superficial lateral muscle; it is broad, thin muscular sheet which extends forward and down from the ribs until it becomes and aponeurosis which attaches the muscle to the linea alba, fibers run downward and medially Origin: anterior surface of last 8 ribs Insertion: iliac crest Action: aids muscles of back to rotate; laterally flex the trunk

external oblique

is a broad, thin sheet of muscular tissue and is located between the external oblique and the transversus abdominis Origin: iliac crest Insertion: costal cartilages of last 3 ribs Action: aids muscles of back to rotate; laterally flex the trunk

Internal oblique

a deeply placed muscle in the lateral abdominal wall. The fibers pass directly forward around the abdominal wall to form what has been called as a "living girdle". Origin: iliac crest and cartilages of last 5 or 6 ribs Insertion: pubis Action: compresses abdominal

Transversus abdominis

is a long, strap-like muscle that runs lengthwise on either side of the linea alba; medial superficial muscle; extends from pubis to rib cage; segmented Origin: pubis DED Insertion: sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 Action: flexes vertebral column; increases abdominal pressure

Rectus abdominis

a thin, triangular muscle that lies under the pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

a thick, powerful, shield-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder joint and gives roundness to the upper part of the arm just below the shoulder Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: acting as a whole, prime mover of arm abduction, when only specific fibers are active, can aid flexion, extension, and rotation of humerus

deltoid

a very large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck and the upper part of the thorax, the most superficial muscle of posterior neck and thorax Origin: occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insertion: acromion and spinous process of scapula; clavicle Action: extends neck; retract (adducts) scapula and stabilizes it

trapezius

means widest of the back) is a large flat, triangular muscle that covers the loin and the lower half of the thoracic region. Origin: lower 3 to 4 ribs, inferior spine, and iliac crest Insertion: proximal humerus Action: primer mover of arm extension; adducts and medially rotates arm

Latissimus dorsi

"toe dancer's muscle

gastrocnemius

tailor's muscle

sartorius

widest of the back

latissimus dorsi

the kissing muscle

orbicularis oris

the living girdle

transversus abdominis

blinking and squinting muscle

orbicularis oculi

tenses the skin of the neck during shaving

sterocleidomastoid

raises eyebrows for a questioning expression

frontalis

100

muscle used to grin

zygotimaticus major

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