cardiovascular

100問 • 2年前

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The major function of the cardiovascular system is transportation. Using blood as the transportvehicle, the system carries oxygen, nutrients, cellawastes, hormones, and many other substances vital.for body homeostasis to and from the cellsThe force to move the blood around the body isprovided by the beating heart and by bloodpressure.

cardiovascular system

+A hollow, cone-shaped organ,approximately the size of aperson's fist and weighs less than apound +It is enclosed within the medialsection of the thoracic cavity ormediastinum (inferior)

heart

directed toward the left hip and rests on thediaphragm, approximately atthe level of the fifth intercostal faces

apex

points toward theright shoulder and liesbeneath the second rib

base

a sac enclosingthe heart

PERICARDIUM-

protects and anchors the heart to the diaphragm and sternum

Fibrous pericardium

inner covering of the heart

Serous pericardium

protectsand anchors the heart to the Visceralpericardiuma diaphragm and sternum

Fibrous pericardium

what part of tge serous pericardium lines the interior aspect of the heart

Parietal pericardium

parta of a serous pericardiym which is the part of the heart wall

Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)

Lubricating serous fluid is produced by theserous pericardial membranes and collectsin the pericardial cavity between theseserous layers

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Inflammation of the pericardium that oftenresults in a decrease in the amount of serousfluid. This causes the pericardial layers toruh, bind and stick to each other, formingpainful adhesions that interfere with theheart movements.

Pericarditis

+The heart walls are composed of three (3) layers

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

(visceral layer of Visceralpericardium serous pericardium)

Epicardium

consists of thick.Myocardium Bundles of cardiac muscle; Endocardium contracting layer

Myocardium

part of an heart wall that lines the heartchambers

Endocardium

+ The heart has four (4) hollow cavities or chambers:

Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Ventricle

receiving chambers

atrium

discharging chambers

ventricles

divides theatria

Interatrial Septum

divides the ventricles

Interventricular septum

divides atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular Septum

great heart vessels

Superior vena cava (SVC) Inferior vena cava (IVC) Pulmonary Trunk . Pulmonary arteries 5Pulmonary veins

carryingof blood for gas exchange oxygenation of blood

Pulmonary Circulation

main artery thatcarries blood away from yourheart to the rest of the body

aorta

transport of oxygenated bloodfrom left ventricle through thebody tissues and back to theright atriuma

Systemic Circulation

flap or cusp that acts as one-way inlet for blood coming into a ventricle andone-way outlet for blood leaving a ventricle

valve

The heart is equipped with four (4) valves:

Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve)

"heart strings"; tinywhite cords that anchor the cusps to thewalls of the ventricles

Chordae Tendinae

tricuspid & mitral + prevent backflow into the atriawhen the ventricles contract

aortic valve

+Prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart Pulmonary & aortic

+Semilunar valves (SV)

Condition when valve cusps become stiffaand does not close properly to backflowa

Valvular Stenosis

due to repeatedbacterial infection of the endocardium + Workload of heart increases = heartfailure

Endocarditis

Functional blood supply of themyocardium is provided by the rightand left Coronary Arteries. Coronary arteries branch from thebase of the aorta and encircles theheart at the atrioventricular groove.

cardiac circulation

Marginal artery + Posterior Interventricular Artery

Right Coronary Artery

Anterior Interventricular Artery Circumflex Artery

+Left Coronary Artery

return ondrain deoxygenated bloodfrom the myocardiumback to the right atrium.Most venous bloodreturns via the CoronarySinus.

cardiac veins

Death of oxygen-deprived heartcells + Myocardium receives an inadequate blood supply when the heart beats at a very rapid rate

myocardial infraction

Crushing chestpain due to an oxygen-deprivedmyocardium; WARNING SIGN forMyocardial Infarction (MI) or heartattack

angina pectoris

one day, the heartpumps approx.

6 liters (L)of blood through theblood vessels over 1,000times or about 1500gallons of blood in asingle day.

built intohearttissue and sets its basic rhythm.

Intrinsic Conduction System or Nodal System

act like brakes and gapedalsto decrease or increase the heart, depending on which division isactivated

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

This system causes heart muscledepolarization in only one direction - from the atria to the ventricles.

INTRINSIC CONDUCTIONSYSTEM

pacemaker of the heart; starts Bundle branches each heartbeat

Sinoatrial (SA) Node -

Atrioventricular (AV) node + Atrioventricular (AV) bundle(bundle of His) a +Bundle branches + Purkinje fibers

INTRINSIC CONDUCTIONSYSTEM

This transport of impulse results in a "wringing" contraction of theventricles that begins at the heart apexmoves toward theatria + This contraction effectively ejects blood superiorly into the largearteries leaving the heart

Intrinsic Conduction System

block" is a damage to the AV nodewhich blocks the SA node from controlling the ventricles;beating of heart becomes slower

heart block

medical device that is surgicallyinstalled in the body to generate electrical impulses toreplace and/or regulate the function of the SA Node or theconducting system.

artificial pacemaker

lack of adequate. Blood supply to the heart muscle

ischemia

rapid, uncoordinated quivering of theventricles; causes the heart to not be able to pump any blood and so is a major cause of death from heart attack in adults

fibrillation

rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)

tachycardia

slower heart rate than normal (less than 60beats per minute)

Bradycardia

Normal (N) Heart Rate:

60 - 100 bpm

+The events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atriaand ventricles contract and relax +Average Heart Rate: 75 beats per minute (60s) +Length of Cardiac Cycle: 0.8 seconds

cardiac cycle

heart contraction

systole

heart relaxation

diastole

cycle is composed of events occurring five (5) periods:

Atrial diastole (ventricular filling) 2. Atrial Systole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase) 5. Isovolumetric relaxation

Pressure in the heart is low + AV Valves are open, SL valves closed + Blood passively flowsthrough the atria into theventricles

Atrial Diastole(Ventricularfilling)

increasingatrial pressure and completingventricular filling while theventricles are relaxed

atria contraction

+also known as "active ventricularfilling"

atrial systole

Atrial systole ends, andventricular systole begins AV valves closed - caused byincreased intraventricular pressure SL valves closed

IsovolumetricContraction

Ventricles continue to contract,intraventricular pressure increased - SL valves open + Blood is ejected out from theventricles + Atria are again relaxed and filled withblood

Ventricular systole(Ejection Phase)

Intraventricular pressure fails Ventricular diastole begins SL valves closed

IsovolumetricRelaxation

When using stethoscope, you can hear two distinct sounds duringeach cardiac cycle. These heart sounds are often described by thtwo syllables "lub" and "dup/dub"

heart sounds

in what heart sound is closing of AV valves

First Heart Sound (lub):

in what heart sound SL valves close at the end of ventricular systole

Second Heart Sound (dup):

Abnormal or unusual heart sounds when bloodflow becomes turbulent; usually.e to valve problems; common andnormal in young children with perfectly healthy hearts.

Heart Murmurs

Blood circulates inside theblood vessels, which form aclosed transport systemcalled the

vascular system

There are three (3) maintypes of blood vessels:

Arteries + Capillaries + Veins

The walls of blood vessels have three (3)layers:

tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima

outermost layer composed largely offibrous connective tissue and functions to support and projectvessels

outdoor/adventurer coat

bulky middle layer made up of smooth muscle andelastic fibers; controlled bysympathetic nervous system (changing the diameter of thevessels)

tunica media

lines the lumenthe interior of the vessels; form aslick surface that decrease friction asblood flows through

tunica intima

Walls of arteries are much_____than those veins, especially thetunica media. Arteries must be ableto expand as blood is forced intothem

thicker

Lumens of veins tend to be ____ than arteries and thicker tunicaexterna

larger

Larger veins have ___ thatprevent backflow of blood likethose in the heart

valves

- largest artery ofthe body

aorta

(R) Coronary Artery + (L) Coronary Artery+Supplies the heart

Ascending Aorta

caused by plaque buildup in the wallsof the arteries that supply blood to theheart (called coronary arteries) andother parts of the body

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

is made up of deposits ofcholesterol and other substances in theartery. Plaque buildup causes theinside of the arteries to narrow overtime, which can partially or totallyblock the blood flow. This processcalled atherosclerosis.

plaque

Brachiocephalic Trunk + Common Carotid Artery

aortic arch

supplies the brain + External Carotid Artery - skinand muscles of head and neck

Internal Carotid Artery

supplies thecerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

Vertebral artery

Brachial Artery

arm

Radial Artery

Ulnar Artery

an anatomical a structure that providesconnection betweenarteries of the brain.

CIRCLE OFWILLIS

Arteries for trunk muscles, lungs, esophagusand diaphragma

Thoracic Aorta

Arteries for internal organs (stomach, live intestines, kidneys, gonads) and abdomen andalower trunk muscles Arteries for bladder and rectum and for theentire leg.

abdominal aorta

Compared to arteries located indeep areas, veins are moresuperficial and some are easilyseen or palpated.

MAJOR VEINS OFTHË SYSTEMICCIRCULATION

- upperbody (head & arms)

superior vena cava

lowerbody

inferior vena cava

superficial drainageof the lateral aspect of the arm andempties into the axillary vein

cephalic vein

superficial drainage ofthe medial aspect of the arm andempties into the brachial vein

basilic vein

cephalichand basilic join at the elbow (oftenchosen as the site for withdrawingblood for the purpose of blood

median cubital vein

receivesvenous blood from the skin andmuscles of the head

External Jugular vein

large veinsthat receive venous drainage from thesubclavian, vertebral, and internaljugular veins to form the SVC

Brachiocephalic veins

longest veins in the body;superficial drainage of theleg

Great Saphenous veins

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formed by the union ofexternal and internal iliacvein to form the IVC

common iliac vein

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Conan Clint · 100問 · 2年前

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