the main respiratory organs in the respiratory system

passageways of air

The left lung is___, while the right lung is

paired, soft, spongy organs that occupy the entire thoracic cavity

which houses the mediastenum

what surface is inferior concave portion and fits the convex area of the diaphragm,

what are the respiratory muscles

is broad, inferior concave portion and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm

is a narrow, superior portion of the lungs

lies against the ribs

contains vertical slit (hilus) through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerves enter and exit

is a medial left concavity where the heart lies.

has three main lobes

has two main lobes- the superior and inferior lobe

each lobe is furthur subdivided into ___ bronchopulmonary segments

a lobule has __ of alveoli

lungs are divided into lobes and lobules by

divides the superior and middle lobe in the right lung

divides the middle lobe and inferior lobe in the right lung

divides the superior and inferior lobe in the left lung

serve to guide the air into the interior portion of the nose

serve to warm, moisten and filter the incoming air

what are that by two pleural membranes that are continuous with each her that covered the lungs

directly on the surface of a lung

lining the chest activity

The small moisture-filled potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is the

The thin space between the two pleural layers is known as the pleural cavity and normally contains a small amount of

The internal portion of nose is a large cavity in the skull that lies __ to the cranium and ___ to the mouth

Anteriorly, it merges with the external portion; posteriorly it communicates with the

it communicates with the throat (pharynx) through the two openings called

the bones that bound the nasal cavity forming the roof

what bones form the hard palate forming the floor

for the lateral walls

vertical cartilagenous partition that divides the nose into right and left nasal cavities.

nostrils or anterior nares which open to the outside while the choanae or posterior nares which open into the nasopharynx.

is the dilated portion just inside the nostrils. Its the anterior portion is lined with skin and hairs serving to trap dust particles while its posterior portion is lined with highly vascularized ciliated

covered with mucus secreted by the goblet cells in the epithelial layer

drain tears from the lacrimal gland of the eyes to the internal nose.

air spaces of the skull bones which open into the internal nose) these include maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoidal sinuses. These are lined with ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with the nasal mucosa

receive the chemical stimulus (gas/odor)

provides speech sound capacity.

a tubular passageway that is attached to the base of the skull ernal nares) and extends downward to the esophagus

the pharynx Specifically, it lies ____ the nasal cavity and oral cavit. just ___ to the cervical vertebrae. Its walls composed of skin, muscles and are lined with mucous membrane

pharynx Its walls composed of skin, muscles and are lined with

3 parts of the pharynx

The uppermost portion of the pharynx lies posterior to the internal nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate.

4 openings of the nasopharynx

It is purely respiratory in function. It involves the exchange air with nasal cavities so that the air pressure inside the middle ear equals the pressure of the atmospheric air flowing through the nose and pharynx and receives the packages of dust laded mucus and carries down toward the mouth.

lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone. It receives a single opening (fauces) from the mouth. Functionally, it serves both respiratory and digestive functions since it is the common passageway for both air and food

extends downward from the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus posteriorly, and into the larynx anteriorly Functionally, it is both respiratory and digestive segment of the pharynx.

short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea. It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the 4th through the 6th cervical vertebrae.

the walls of larynxs is supported by

The larynx are kept intact

has a pair of folds composed of mucous membrane

are the upper pair of folds and do not function in phonation

enclose a strong band of connective tissue (vocal elastic ligament) and play a role in phonation.

has a space between the vocal cords named as

(or Adam's apple in males) - is a large leaf- shaped or shield-shaped piece of cartilage which consists of two plates that form the anterior wall of the larynx and gives it a triangular shape.

is a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the larynx. It extends above the thyroid cartilage infront of the entrance to the larynx.

stem portion of the epiglottis is attached to the

the leaf portion is

is a ring of cartilage forming the inferior walls of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of tracheal cartilage

are pyramidal in shape located at the superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They are attached to the vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles and by their action can move the vocal cords

are cone-shaped cartilages located at the spaces of each arytenoid cartilages.

are rod-shaped cartilages in the mucous membrane fold that connect the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

Lower Respiratory Tract.

the windpipe is a flexible, tubular structure located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra

Histologically, it is lined with trachea

trachea Its walls are composed of

trachea is encircled by a series of

The open parts of the C's face the___. and permit the___ to expand into the trachea during swallowing.

are the bifurcations of the trachea at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. The right bronchus enters the right lung while the left bronchus enters the left Jung The bronchi enter the lungs in the hilus.

Inside each lung, the bronchus gives several branches which resemble a tree.

are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange takes place by diffusion. looks like a bubble which is supported by a basement membrane of basal lamina

are surrounded by numerous ___ whose walls are thin enough to facilitate diffusion of gases

. These walls where gas passes through are known as

which made up the wall of the alveolar and its basement membrane

capillary walls- basement membrane-

which the includes the alveolar walls (simple squamous epithelium) and its basement membrane (basal lamina) and the capillary walls (simple squamous epithelium) and its basement membrane (basal lamina).

the branches of bronchial tree in order

continuous branching resembles a tree trunk hence referred to as bronchial tree;

or breathing is the mechanical flow of air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs.

the exchange of gases between the air spaces of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.

is the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and give carbon dioxide during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration

is the breathing in of air into the lungs through the respiratory tract. For air to flow into the lungs, pressure inside the alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Since, muscles are involved the process of inhalation is said to be

the breathing of air out of the lungs through the respiratory tract. For air to flow to the outside, the pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure.

The process of exhalation is

the exchange of gases between the air spaces of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary blood occurs via passive diffusion and across the respiratory membrane.

the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide.

Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and give carbon dioxide during the production of ATP are termed

The changes in size of the chest is attributed to the muscles namely

Delivers air-containing oxygen to the blood and removes gaseous waste products of metabolism.

A group of several alveoli with a common opening into an alveolar duct is named as

Type I cells.

Alveoli have also ___ adhering to the alveolar wall or circulate freely in the lumen of the alveoli. These cells ingest and destroy microorganisms and other foreign particles

The alveolar walls and capillary walls must be thin enough to give a maximum permeability yet strong enough to hold open the air cavities. These walls where gas passes through are known as

the air pressure inside is lowered than the outside causing air to flow into the lungs.

the air pressure inside becomes higher than the outside causing air to flow to the outside.

Flattening of the diaphragm and elevation of the ribs - enlargement of the thoracic cavity 3. Decrease in the intrapleural (pressure within the pleural space) and intrapulmonic pressure as the volume of gas is increased Continuous flowing of air into the lungs equalizes the intrapulmonic pressure (pressure within the lungs) to that of the atmospheric pressure