respiratory system in anatomy lab

通報

問題一覧

the main respiratory organs in the respiratory system

lungs

passageways of air

respiratory tract

The left lung is___, while the right lung is

thinner, higer

paired, soft, spongy organs that occupy the entire thoracic cavity

lungs

which houses the mediastenum

heart bronchi esophagus thymus major blood vessels

what surface is inferior concave portion and fits the convex area of the diaphragm,

basal surface

what are the respiratory muscles

1. Diaphragm 2. Intercostal muscles 3. Pectoralis muscles 4. Abdominal wall

is broad, inferior concave portion and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm

basal surface

is a narrow, superior portion of the lungs

apecal surface

lies against the ribs

costal surface

contains vertical slit (hilus) through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerves enter and exit

mediastinal (medial)

is a medial left concavity where the heart lies.

cardiac surface

has three main lobes

right lung

has two main lobes- the superior and inferior lobe

left lung

each lobe is furthur subdivided into ___ bronchopulmonary segments

a lobule has __ of alveoli

hundreds

lungs are divided into lobes and lobules by

deep fissure

divides the superior and middle lobe in the right lung

horizontal fissure

divides the middle lobe and inferior lobe in the right lung

oblique fissure

divides the superior and inferior lobe in the left lung

oblique fissure

serve to guide the air into the interior portion of the nose

external parts of the nose

serve to warm, moisten and filter the incoming air

internal structure of the nose

what are that by two pleural membranes that are continuous with each her that covered the lungs

inner visceral pleura parietal pleura

directly on the surface of a lung

visceral pleura

lining the chest activity

parietal pleura

The small moisture-filled potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is the

pleural layer

The thin space between the two pleural layers is known as the pleural cavity and normally contains a small amount of

pleural fluid

The internal portion of nose is a large cavity in the skull that lies __ to the cranium and ___ to the mouth

inferior, superior

Anteriorly, it merges with the external portion; posteriorly it communicates with the

throath

it communicates with the throat (pharynx) through the two openings called

internal nares

the bones that bound the nasal cavity forming the roof

ethmoid bone

what bones form the hard palate forming the floor

palatine and maxillae of the hard palate

for the lateral walls

inferior nasal cochae

vertical cartilagenous partition that divides the nose into right and left nasal cavities.

nasal septum

nostrils or anterior nares which open to the outside while the choanae or posterior nares which open into the nasopharynx.

nasal cavities

is the dilated portion just inside the nostrils. Its the anterior portion is lined with skin and hairs serving to trap dust particles while its posterior portion is lined with highly vascularized ciliated

vestibule

covered with mucus secreted by the goblet cells in the epithelial layer

nasal mucosa

drain tears from the lacrimal gland of the eyes to the internal nose.

nasolacrimal ducts

air spaces of the skull bones which open into the internal nose) these include maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoidal sinuses. These are lined with ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with the nasal mucosa

paranasal sinuses

receive the chemical stimulus (gas/odor)

olfactory stimuli

provides speech sound capacity.

resonating chamber

a tubular passageway that is attached to the base of the skull ernal nares) and extends downward to the esophagus

pharynx

the pharynx Specifically, it lies ____ the nasal cavity and oral cavit. just ___ to the cervical vertebrae. Its walls composed of skin, muscles and are lined with mucous membrane

posterior, anterior

pharynx Its walls composed of skin, muscles and are lined with

mucous membrane

3 parts of the pharynx

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

The uppermost portion of the pharynx lies posterior to the internal nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate.

nasopharynx

4 openings of the nasopharynx

two posterior nares a pair communicates with the middle ears by way of the two auditory or eustachian tube

It is purely respiratory in function. It involves the exchange air with nasal cavities so that the air pressure inside the middle ear equals the pressure of the atmospheric air flowing through the nose and pharynx and receives the packages of dust laded mucus and carries down toward the mouth.

nasopharynx

lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone. It receives a single opening (fauces) from the mouth. Functionally, it serves both respiratory and digestive functions since it is the common passageway for both air and food

oropharynx

extends downward from the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus posteriorly, and into the larynx anteriorly Functionally, it is both respiratory and digestive segment of the pharynx.

laryngopharynx

short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea. It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the 4th through the 6th cervical vertebrae.

larynx

the walls of larynxs is supported by

9 pieces of cartilage (3 paired 3 unpaired

The larynx are kept intact

extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments

has a pair of folds composed of mucous membrane

ventricular folds and vocal folds

are the upper pair of folds and do not function in phonation

ventricular or false fold

enclose a strong band of connective tissue (vocal elastic ligament) and play a role in phonation.

vocal folds

has a space between the vocal cords named as

glottis

(or Adam's apple in males) - is a large leaf- shaped or shield-shaped piece of cartilage which consists of two plates that form the anterior wall of the larynx and gives it a triangular shape.

thyroid cartillage

is a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the larynx. It extends above the thyroid cartilage infront of the entrance to the larynx.

epiglottis

stem portion of the epiglottis is attached to the

thyroid cartilage

the leaf portion is

unattached

is a ring of cartilage forming the inferior walls of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of tracheal cartilage

cricoid cartilage

are pyramidal in shape located at the superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They are attached to the vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles and by their action can move the vocal cords

Arytenoid cartilages

are cone-shaped cartilages located at the spaces of each arytenoid cartilages.

Corniculate cartilages

are rod-shaped cartilages in the mucous membrane fold that connect the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages

Lower Respiratory Tract.

trachea, bronchi and bronchial tree

the windpipe is a flexible, tubular structure located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra

trachea

Histologically, it is lined with trachea

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epitheliurn with goblet cell and basal cells

trachea Its walls are composed of

smooth muscles and elastic connective tissues.

trachea is encircled by a series of

16 to 20 horizontal, incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

The open parts of the C's face the___. and permit the___ to expand into the trachea during swallowing.

esophagus

are the bifurcations of the trachea at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. The right bronchus enters the right lung while the left bronchus enters the left Jung The bronchi enter the lungs in the hilus.

The bronchi

Inside each lung, the bronchus gives several branches which resemble a tree.

brochial tree

are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange takes place by diffusion. looks like a bubble which is supported by a basement membrane of basal lamina

alveolus

are surrounded by numerous ___ whose walls are thin enough to facilitate diffusion of gases

capillaries

. These walls where gas passes through are known as

alveolar-capillary membrane or respiratory membrane

which made up the wall of the alveolar and its basement membrane

walls- simple squamous epithelium basement membrane- basal lamina

capillary walls- basement membrane-

simple squamous epithelium) basal lamina

which the includes the alveolar walls (simple squamous epithelium) and its basement membrane (basal lamina) and the capillary walls (simple squamous epithelium) and its basement membrane (basal lamina).

alveolar-capillary membrane or respiratory membrane

the branches of bronchial tree in order

1. primary bronchi 2secondary or lobar bronchi 3.terminal or segmental bronchi 4 bronchioles 4.terminal bronchioles 5. respiratory bronchioles 6.atria or alveolar ducts

continuous branching resembles a tree trunk hence referred to as bronchial tree;

bronchi

or breathing is the mechanical flow of air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs.

pulmonary ventilation

the exchange of gases between the air spaces of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.

external respiration

is the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and give carbon dioxide during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration

internal respiration

is the breathing in of air into the lungs through the respiratory tract. For air to flow into the lungs, pressure inside the alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Inhalation or inspiration

Since, muscles are involved the process of inhalation is said to be

active transport mechanism

the breathing of air out of the lungs through the respiratory tract. For air to flow to the outside, the pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure.

exhalation

The process of exhalation is

passive transport mechanism

the exchange of gases between the air spaces of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary blood occurs via passive diffusion and across the respiratory membrane.

External Respiration

the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide.

internal respiration

Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and give carbon dioxide during the production of ATP are termed

cellular respiration

The changes in size of the chest is attributed to the muscles namely

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pectoralis muscles and the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Delivers air-containing oxygen to the blood and removes gaseous waste products of metabolism.

respiration

A group of several alveoli with a common opening into an alveolar duct is named as

alveolar sac

Type I cells.

squamous cells

Alveoli have also ___ adhering to the alveolar wall or circulate freely in the lumen of the alveoli. These cells ingest and destroy microorganisms and other foreign particles

phagocytic alveolar macrophages

The alveolar walls and capillary walls must be thin enough to give a maximum permeability yet strong enough to hold open the air cavities. These walls where gas passes through are known as

alveolar- capillary membrane or respiratory membrane.

the air pressure inside is lowered than the outside causing air to flow into the lungs.

as the chest expands

the air pressure inside becomes higher than the outside causing air to flow to the outside.

as the chest shrinks

100

Flattening of the diaphragm and elevation of the ribs - enlargement of the thoracic cavity 3. Decrease in the intrapleural (pressure within the pleural space) and intrapulmonic pressure as the volume of gas is increased Continuous flowing of air into the lungs equalizes the intrapulmonic pressure (pressure within the lungs) to that of the atmospheric pressure

INSPIRATION/INHALATION

anaphy

anaphy

anaphy 2

Conan Clint · 6問 · 2年前

anaphy 2

6問 • 2年前

cardio

Conan Clint · 56問 · 2年前

cardio

56問 • 2年前

anatomy

Conan Clint · 51問 · 2年前

anatomy

51問 • 2年前

muscles

muscles

endocrine system

endocrine system

muscles part 2

Conan Clint · 34問 · 2年前

muscles part 2

34問 • 2年前

cardiovascular

cardiovascular

cardiovasular 2

Conan Clint · 36問 · 2年前

cardiovasular 2

36問 • 2年前

cranial merves

cranial merves

spinal cord and sinal nerves

Conan Clint · 81問 · 2年前

spinal cord and sinal nerves

81問 • 2年前

purcom shits

Conan Clint · 6問 · 2年前

purcom shits

6問 • 2年前

endocrine system part 222

Conan Clint · 20問 · 2年前

endocrine system part 222

20問 • 2年前

respiratory shits system

Conan Clint · 76問 · 2年前

respiratory shits system

76問 • 2年前

spinal cord

Conan Clint · 81問 · 2年前

spinal cord

81問 • 2年前

respiratory alab part 2

Conan Clint · 6問 · 2年前

respiratory alab part 2

6問 • 2年前

digestive system

digestive system

digestive system part 2

Conan Clint · 21問 · 2年前

digestive system part 2

21問 • 2年前

pmls

Conan Clint · 39問 · 2年前

pmls

39問 • 2年前

cardiovascular system

Conan Clint · 62問 · 2年前

cardiovascular system

62問 • 2年前

pmls chuchu

Conan Clint · 20問 · 2年前

pmls chuchu

20問 • 2年前

pmls clinical laboratory

Conan Clint · 34問 · 2年前

pmls clinical laboratory

34問 • 2年前

wprksheet 18

Conan Clint · 77問 · 2年前

wprksheet 18

77問 • 2年前

urinary system

Conan Clint · 78問 · 2年前

urinary system

78問 • 2年前

digestive system

digestive system

digestive system p2

Conan Clint · 23問 · 2年前

digestive system p2

23問 • 2年前

anatomy blood pressure

Conan Clint · 44問 · 2年前

anatomy blood pressure

44問 • 2年前

reproductive system

Conan Clint · 82問 · 2年前

reproductive system

82問 • 2年前

final boss

Conan Clint · 47問 · 2年前

final boss

47問 • 2年前

chem

Conan Clint · 22問 · 2年前

chem

22問 • 2年前

art appreciation

Conan Clint · 24問 · 2年前

art appreciation

24問 • 2年前

chem 1

Conan Clint · 27問 · 2年前

chem 1

27問 • 2年前

pmls

Conan Clint · 45問 · 2年前

pmls

45問 • 2年前

vhem

Conan Clint · 32問 · 2年前

vhem

32問 • 2年前

arts shets

Conan Clint · 29問 · 2年前

arts shets

29問 • 2年前

his shets

Conan Clint · 45問 · 2年前

his shets

45問 • 2年前