問題一覧
1
Not all Human acts can be ethics
True
2
All human acts can be ethics
False
3
why does ethics exist
bcoz human beings by nature: - are able to distinguish between what is good and bad - obligation to do what is good and avoid what is bad - feel accountable for their actions
4
Man is endowed by nature with a moral sense
Naturally concious of his moral capacity and responsibility
5
Why study ethics
- helps identify different kinds of moral values and distinguish them from other kinds of values - helps you see what moral values are at stake in a variety of situations - helps you decide what to do when faced with difficult moral choices
6
Grounds for disciplinary action against a seafarer
- Assault (make physical attack)
- Williful damage to ship's property -Persitent disobedience
- Actions endangering ship or person on board.
- Continuous Failure in performing duties
- Normal or cargo theft
note
7
Aristotle arises components such as
note
8
Friendship, Love, Power
note
9
Values, Religion, Law
note
10
Values and Ethics support each other
note
11
Ethics without values is hollow and shallow
note
12
Laws of society sometimes legalizes illegal acts
ex. Gambling
note
13
Human laws regulate external actions, but not thoughts and feelings
note
14
Ethical law covers thoughts and feelings
note
15
moral norms require proper spiritual disposition towards what is lawful
note
16
Bicameral Congress - upper - senate(24)
- lower - represen (250)
note
17
Ethics and Law
- both rightness and goodness
- Ethics deals with internal acts
- Law deals with external human acts
- Law and Ethics compromise (agreement or settlement of disputed the holistic goodness of human person
- A person must understand law to make if worthwhile and meaningful
note
18
Ethics and Religion
- both moral education
- Ethics is a science and relies on reason
- Religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on faith and revelation
- Ethics teaches the value of religion
- Ethics and religion are cornerstone of society
- Both teaches what is good and bad and they compliments each other
- Virtues - prudence, wisdom, moderation
note
19
ignorance req to know but does not know
innocence need to know but not req to know
note
20
Passions, or concupiscence are psychic responses. They are either tendencies towards desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable objects. The former are considered positive emotions, such as love, desire, delight, hope and bravery. The latter are negative emotions, such as hatred, sadness, despair, fear and anger.
note
21
Fear could be a coward's most unwanted companion. Fear is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by a danger to himself or loved ones. There is difference between acting with fear and acting out of fear. Some actions which are difficult or dangerous are done with fear.
Intimidating or threatening a person with harm is an unjust act. Legally and morally speaking. actions done out of fear because an unjust situation are invalid acts. Thus, contracts entered into by a party because fear is null and void.
Principles:
Acts done with fear are voluntary and are accountable.
Acts done out of fear, however great, is simply voluntary, although it is also conditionally
voluntary. It is simply voluntary because the person remains in control of his faculties
note
22
an agent does an act due to the threat of the violence. The responsibility of the agent should be judged according to the criteria of fear and not of violence.
Principles:
External, or commanded acts, performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered are involuntary and not accountable. Elicited acts or those done by the will alone, are not subject to violence and are therefore voluntary.
note
23
Man does not act aimlessly. His every action is done for a purpose. The purpose of human acts is significant because it defines the nature of an act and reveals the moral judgment of the doer
note
24
Man does not act aimlessly. His every action is done for a purpose. The purpose of human acts is significant because it defines the nature of an act and reveals the moral judgment of the doer
note
25
The Meaning of End and Nature of the End
An end is both a termination and a goal.
In other words, an end is that which completes or finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished.
end is that which completes or finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished
An END is that towards which an action tends. Every human activity tends towards the direction of an end purpose, aim, goal, mission, master plan of an action. Any human act, with knowledge of the mind and consent of the will, pursues an end which is good for the whole human being.
note
26
The determinants of morality are so called because they are the basis for judging whether an act is good or evil, moral or immoral. These are the following factors which essentially affect the goodness. or badness of an act.
1) The End of the act is the termination or completion of an act.
The end of the act of eating is appeasing, hunger, the end of playing basketball is scoring a point, and the end of medication is curing illness.
(The mean does not justify the end)
rape, murder
The end of the act determines whether an act is intrinsically or extrinsically good or evil. Any act which is consistent with the natural tendencies of human nature is intrinsically good. But those that are contrary to reason are intrinsically evil, such as murder, abortion, kidnapping, robbery, and rape. We speak of these acts as being contrary to natural law.
2) The end of the doer/ The end of the Agent ( the end does not justify the mean)
is the purpose or motive which the doer wishes to accomplish by his action. Without a motive an act is accidental and involuntary.
Example: the end of natural purpose of going to school is to learn yet some go to school only
to be with friends; some go to school only to satisfy the wish of their parents, etc.
3) The circumstances of the act are the historical elements surrounding the commission of an
act, such as the status of the doer, the place, the time, or the intensity of an act. May increase
or decrease the gravity of an offense; or they may justify an act, or even exempt the agent
from criminal responsibility, liability or punishment.
Example:
A good act can become evil through circumstances like:
giving money to indigent: good
Giving money to indigent for votes: evil
An evil act can never become good through circumstance.
Example:
◆Stealing money in order to buy food cannot make stealing good.
To be morally good, a human act must agree with the norm or morality on all three counts; in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong.
w8
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49問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
Not all Human acts can be ethics
True
2
All human acts can be ethics
False
3
why does ethics exist
bcoz human beings by nature: - are able to distinguish between what is good and bad - obligation to do what is good and avoid what is bad - feel accountable for their actions
4
Man is endowed by nature with a moral sense
Naturally concious of his moral capacity and responsibility
5
Why study ethics
- helps identify different kinds of moral values and distinguish them from other kinds of values - helps you see what moral values are at stake in a variety of situations - helps you decide what to do when faced with difficult moral choices
6
Grounds for disciplinary action against a seafarer
- Assault (make physical attack)
- Williful damage to ship's property -Persitent disobedience
- Actions endangering ship or person on board.
- Continuous Failure in performing duties
- Normal or cargo theft
note
7
Aristotle arises components such as
note
8
Friendship, Love, Power
note
9
Values, Religion, Law
note
10
Values and Ethics support each other
note
11
Ethics without values is hollow and shallow
note
12
Laws of society sometimes legalizes illegal acts
ex. Gambling
note
13
Human laws regulate external actions, but not thoughts and feelings
note
14
Ethical law covers thoughts and feelings
note
15
moral norms require proper spiritual disposition towards what is lawful
note
16
Bicameral Congress - upper - senate(24)
- lower - represen (250)
note
17
Ethics and Law
- both rightness and goodness
- Ethics deals with internal acts
- Law deals with external human acts
- Law and Ethics compromise (agreement or settlement of disputed the holistic goodness of human person
- A person must understand law to make if worthwhile and meaningful
note
18
Ethics and Religion
- both moral education
- Ethics is a science and relies on reason
- Religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on faith and revelation
- Ethics teaches the value of religion
- Ethics and religion are cornerstone of society
- Both teaches what is good and bad and they compliments each other
- Virtues - prudence, wisdom, moderation
note
19
ignorance req to know but does not know
innocence need to know but not req to know
note
20
Passions, or concupiscence are psychic responses. They are either tendencies towards desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable objects. The former are considered positive emotions, such as love, desire, delight, hope and bravery. The latter are negative emotions, such as hatred, sadness, despair, fear and anger.
note
21
Fear could be a coward's most unwanted companion. Fear is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by a danger to himself or loved ones. There is difference between acting with fear and acting out of fear. Some actions which are difficult or dangerous are done with fear.
Intimidating or threatening a person with harm is an unjust act. Legally and morally speaking. actions done out of fear because an unjust situation are invalid acts. Thus, contracts entered into by a party because fear is null and void.
Principles:
Acts done with fear are voluntary and are accountable.
Acts done out of fear, however great, is simply voluntary, although it is also conditionally
voluntary. It is simply voluntary because the person remains in control of his faculties
note
22
an agent does an act due to the threat of the violence. The responsibility of the agent should be judged according to the criteria of fear and not of violence.
Principles:
External, or commanded acts, performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered are involuntary and not accountable. Elicited acts or those done by the will alone, are not subject to violence and are therefore voluntary.
note
23
Man does not act aimlessly. His every action is done for a purpose. The purpose of human acts is significant because it defines the nature of an act and reveals the moral judgment of the doer
note
24
Man does not act aimlessly. His every action is done for a purpose. The purpose of human acts is significant because it defines the nature of an act and reveals the moral judgment of the doer
note
25
The Meaning of End and Nature of the End
An end is both a termination and a goal.
In other words, an end is that which completes or finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished.
end is that which completes or finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished
An END is that towards which an action tends. Every human activity tends towards the direction of an end purpose, aim, goal, mission, master plan of an action. Any human act, with knowledge of the mind and consent of the will, pursues an end which is good for the whole human being.
note
26
The determinants of morality are so called because they are the basis for judging whether an act is good or evil, moral or immoral. These are the following factors which essentially affect the goodness. or badness of an act.
1) The End of the act is the termination or completion of an act.
The end of the act of eating is appeasing, hunger, the end of playing basketball is scoring a point, and the end of medication is curing illness.
(The mean does not justify the end)
rape, murder
The end of the act determines whether an act is intrinsically or extrinsically good or evil. Any act which is consistent with the natural tendencies of human nature is intrinsically good. But those that are contrary to reason are intrinsically evil, such as murder, abortion, kidnapping, robbery, and rape. We speak of these acts as being contrary to natural law.
2) The end of the doer/ The end of the Agent ( the end does not justify the mean)
is the purpose or motive which the doer wishes to accomplish by his action. Without a motive an act is accidental and involuntary.
Example: the end of natural purpose of going to school is to learn yet some go to school only
to be with friends; some go to school only to satisfy the wish of their parents, etc.
3) The circumstances of the act are the historical elements surrounding the commission of an
act, such as the status of the doer, the place, the time, or the intensity of an act. May increase
or decrease the gravity of an offense; or they may justify an act, or even exempt the agent
from criminal responsibility, liability or punishment.
Example:
A good act can become evil through circumstances like:
giving money to indigent: good
Giving money to indigent for votes: evil
An evil act can never become good through circumstance.
Example:
◆Stealing money in order to buy food cannot make stealing good.
To be morally good, a human act must agree with the norm or morality on all three counts; in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong.
w8