Ethics

Gabriel Bionat · 30問 · 2年前

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product of our thoughts and desiresz reveal our moral character

Actions

What we are depends on our

choices and actuation

makes use of one's knowledge and freewills

Human Acts

any activity performed by man

Human Acts

the concern of morality

Human Acts

Only human acts are morals

It is only with human acts that man is responsible for his actions

human are grounded in the very nature of man

note

actions that do not require man's rationality

Acts of man

Do not make use of his intellect or will knowledge. His action is natural Ex. breathing

Acts of Human

acts which proceed man as rational being

Human Acts

3 Elements of Human Acts

Knowledge Freedom Voluntariness

Doing an act with knowledge makes an act deliberate

note

Human Act done with knowledge

Knowledge

Human act that he has the awareness of its action

Knowledge

Act done with freedom

Freewill

Does the act under the control of his will The agent is not forced to do or not to do a particular action

Freewill

referring to a choice being made of a person's free will

Voluntariness

requires the presence of the two other constituents ( knowledge and freedom)

Voluntariness

It is a willful act

Voluntariness

refer to those actions which are started, performed, and completed by the will either by the will alone or through other faculties which are under the control of the will

In relation to will

refer to those actions that are either in agreement or in disagreement with reason

in relation to reason

Human acts classified into 2 main heads

in relation to will in relation to reason

2 human acts in relation to the will

Elicited acts Commanded acts

actions started by the will, performed by the will, and are completed by the will as the sole agent - only at plan

Elicited Acts

actions begun at the will, completed through another medium - plan done

commanded acts

7 elicited acts

1 wish 2 intention 3 counsel 4 consent 5 choice 6 command 7 fruition

primordial desire

Wish - I wish

purposive tendency towards the thing that is realizable the will is assured that the object of its inclination is attainable

Intention - I will

series of thoughts concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired goal

Counsel - plan / options

definite decision as to what means should be used - picking / choosing

Consent

active commitment to follow what means has opted as the right pick

Choice

use of means using bodily or mental be able to establish between man as rational

Command

actual attainment of the goal possessing satisfaction since it achieved

Fruition

3 Kinds of Commanded Acts

Internal act External act Mixed act

acts done by man of his internal mental powers under the command of the will

Internal Acts Ex. controlling anger

acts affected by the bodily powers under the command of the will

External Acts Ex. walking, eating

Acts that include the use of bodily and mental powers

Mixed Acts Ex. painting - power of hands and intellect in imagination

Cognitive - Affective -

Mind Heart

3 humans acts in relation to reason

Good acts Evil acts Indifferent acts

acts done by man "in harmony with the dictates of right reason"

Good acts (Moral)

are those actions done by man in contradiction to the dictates of right reason

Evil acts (Immoral)

are neither good or bad No positive relation to the dictates of reason only true in abstract sense

Indifferent acts (Amoral) ex. self defense in killer

Modifiers of Human acts are factors that affect the essential elements of human acts

Ignorance Concupiscence Fear Violence Habits

difference in Ignorance and innocence

ignorance is capable but resist while innocence is not capable to aquire like an infant to absorb hard words

Ignorance either vincible or invincible

note

intention but try to escape or responsibility also called affected can be corrected by ordinary negligence

Vincible ( Acting like a fool )

Not aware could be aware of it but do not have the means to rectify it not easily be remedied

Invincible

is a science of morality of human acts

Ethics

Ethics derives from the greek word

ethos

ethos means

characteristics, way of acting, habit or custom

Moral dilemma

middle

presents the truths about human acts and from these truths deduces (draws a logical conclusion) the principle morality

General Ethics

it applies the principles of general ethics to different human activity (individual or social)

Special Ethics or Applied Ethics

psychotics, children, persons under juries civil liabilitt studies the characteristics and behaviour of man as endowed with reason and freewill

No moral

Father of Moral Philosophy

Socrates

greatly influenced ethical thinking with three important treatise

Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle " good life "

Phronesis means

wisdom

The Eudemian Ethics

Happiness

pursuit of becoming a better person living well and doing well

Happiness

Magna Moralia ( Great Ethics )

Traditional Ethics Epitome of

Beliefs that adheres to the highest ideals of human beings

Values

promolgated for common good ( St. Thomas)

Law

explanation of the ultimate meaning of life

Religion

Religion 4 C

Creed - cognitive aspect of religion Code - behavior Cult - ritual activities Community - Structure - relationship among the followers

modifiers

to determine if the act is mitigating or aggravating

under the control of intellect and will of a person

voluntary act

refers to the thing of which a person may be ignorant.

Ignorance from the standpoint of the object

is the ignorance of the existence of the duty, rule or regulation.

Ignorance of law

refers to an ignorance of the nature or circumstances of an act as forbidden.

Ignorance of fact

refers to the lack of knowledge of the precise sanction affixed to the law

Ignorance of penalty

refers to that ignorance on the part of the person by whom ignorance exists.

Ignorance from the standpoint of the subject ( Identity mistaken )

refers to the consideration of ignorance with reference to the acts that are performed in ignorance

Ignorance from the standpoint of the act

belongs to man's intellectual appetites. They refer to the emotions and feelings of man in relation to his actions. Since emotions and feelings belong to man's sensory appetite, they are in themselves irrational.

Concupiscence or Passions

cited as one of the irascible passions. induces the will to do what it would not do otherwise. It is defined as the emotion that apprehends impending evil and manifests itself in the desire to get away, avoid, or escape, as far as possible, from the impending (threat)

Fear

force or compulsion is defined in ethics as the application or use of physical power or external force on a person by another for the purpose of compelling him to do something against his will.

Violence (acted threaten)

is any physical force exerted on a person by a free agent for the purpose of compelling said person to act against his will. Insults, torture, isolation, starvation and mutilation.

Violence

is the readiness, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner. are acquired through the repetition of a act over a period of time. They are either good or bad. like second nature, moving one to do something with relative case without much reflection. They are difficult to overcome. is defined as a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act. Literally, the term means "a having" and in this light, all that we have is a

Habit

is the purpose or goal of an act. It is either the end of the act itself or the end of the doer.

end

is an immediate end on account of which an action is immediately performed.

Proximate End Example: a student who study hard in his/her lessons. What are his/her end? • Pass the exam and have good grades.

is a subordinate end sought for the attainment of another end.

Intermediate End Example: a student who study hard in his/her lessons. What are his/her end? Please himself, parents, professor; to become scholar or famous in school.. etc.

is an end on account of which other ends or means are sought.

Ultimate End Example: a student who study hard in his/her lessons. What are his/her end? To graduate with high honors.

is the end for the sake of which all other things are desired, and which is not itself desired for the sake of anything else. (St. Thomas).

Absolute Last End Example: a student who study hard in his/her lessons. What are his/her end? To get a good and fine job

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