問題一覧
1
In 1979, a body called ______ was formed to unify the World's buoyage system.
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
2
The areas that use the 'B' system, are
North and South America, Japan, Korea and the Philippines.
3
The IALA systems are made up of five types of buoys
lateral cardinal, safe water, isolated danger, emergency wrecking bouy and special water mark buoy.
4
is a fixed aid to navigation that displays a light of different colours and/or rhythms over designated arcs. The colour of the light provides directional information to the mariner.
SECTORED LIGHTS
5
chart symbols guide
Admiralty
6
continuous, unblinking light
Fixed (F)
7
light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency not greater than 30 per minute
Flashing (FI)
8
light duration shorter than darkness Frequency is 60 at least 60 per minute.
Quick Flashing (Q)
9
light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 100 per minute.
Very Quick Flashing (VQ)
10
like quick flashing but having a brief, extended darkness period.
Interrupted Quick Flashing (IQ)
11
Light has equal duration between light and darkness. Period consists of both light and dark interval. Also called Equal Interval (E Int).
Isophase (Iso)
12
Combination of two patterns in one period, le. 2 flashes followed by three flashes
Group Flashing (Gp FI (x+x))
13
Opposite of flashing. Light is on more than it is off
Occulting(occ)
14
changes color. Special purpose light for situations requiring significant caution. Example shows AL. WG...alternating white and green light
Alternating (AL)-Alternating light
15
Example is ort flashes followed by one which is two short flash then a period of darkness. Shown as (MoU)) on charts
Morse (Mo) Morse "U" prolonged -Morse code light signal.
16
in a period with lighted period of at least 2 seconds.
Long Flashing (LFL)
17
fixed
18
Flashing (FI)
19
Quick Flashing (Q)
20
Very Quick Flashing (VQ)
21
Interrupted Quick Flashing (IQ)
22
Isophase (ISO)
23
Group Flashing (Gp Fl)
24
Occulting (Occ)
25
Alternating (Al)
26
Long Flashing (LFL)
27
Fixed
28
Flashing (Fl)
29
Long Flash
30
Quick Flashing
31
Very Quick Flashing
32
Isophase (ISO)
33
Occulting (Occ)
34
Lanbys
35
Lightship
36
Leading lights
37
sectored lights
38
General Direction
39
Taken by the mariner conventional direction of buoyage means the approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward. in the case of Inland Waters, the conventional direction of buoyage is going upstream.
General direction
40
All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by:
➤ Shape ➤ Colour ➤ Topmark > Light
41
defines the borders of channels and indicates the direction
Lateral Buoys and Marks
42
IALA "A", red buoys mark the_____ side of the channel
port
43
Under IALA "B", red buoys mark the ______side of the channel
starboard
44
under IALA "B", green buoys mark the _____ side of the channel when sailing towards land.
port
45
Red buoys have ___ numbers
even
46
Green buoys have ______ numbers
odd
47
The most significant difference is the
direction of voyage
48
What region
Region A
49
LATERAL MARKS REGION A PORT HAND MARKS
Colour - buoy shape - top mark - light color -
50
Lateral marks Region A Strbd hand marks
Colour - buoy shape - top mark - light color -
51
Lateral Marks Region A Preferred channel to stbrd
red, green, red horizontal stripes
52
Lateral Marks Region A Preferred channel to port
green, red, green horizontal stripes
53
These markers are placed at the split of the channels to indicate that the channels are split and identifies which is the channel to use.
PREFERRED CHANNEL MARKERS / BIFURCATION BUOY
54
note
55
indicate the safe side of a danger with an approximate bearing
The four cardinal buoys
56
When a new obstacle which is not yet shown on charts needs to be marked, two cardinal buoys - for instance a South buoy and an East buoy - will be used to indicate this "uncharted" danger. The cardinal system is identical in both the IALA A and IALA B buoyage systems.
note
57
12 Q / VQ The number of flashes can be related to the clock face
note
58
This safe water buoy is vertically striped. ➤ Body: ➤ Topmark: ➤Lights:
red and white vertical stripes single red sphere calm and white Iso, Occ or LFI 10s., Morse "A",
59
tells us that there is safe (deep) water all round the buoy. A ship can pass any side of it
safe water buoy
60
safe water buoy
61
This safe water buoy is vertically striped. ➤ Body: ➤ Topmark: ➤Lights:
red and white vertical stripes single red sphere calm and white Iso, Occ or LFI 10s., Morse "A",
62
Isolated dangers buoy Body: Topmark Light:
black with red horizontal bands : 2 black spheres. consists of a white flash FI(2).
63
indicate a direction away from the danger. indicates there is a danger in the immediate vicinity of the buoy, like a wreck. Ships should keep well clear of it
Isolated danger buoy
64
Isolated dangers
65
This buoy is placed as close as possible to a new dangerous wreck.
Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy
66
The emergency wreck marking buoy will remain in position until:
the wreck is well known and has been promulgated in nautical publications. the wreck has been fully surveyed and exact details such as position and least depth above the wreck are known. a permanent form of marking of the wreck has been carried out
67
Emergency wreck marking buoy characteristic;
> pillar or spar buoy, coloured in equal number and dimensions of blue and yellow vertical stripes (minimum of 4 stripes and maximum of 8 stripes) >fitted with an alternating blue and yellow flashing light if multiple buoys are deployed then the lights will be synchronized. > a racon Morse Code "D" top mark, if fitted, is a standing/upright yellow cross
68
Emergency wreck marking buoy
69
are used to denote mariners' areas with special features. They do not play any major role in facilitating mariners in safe navigation. They only point out areas of certain interests to mariners. The nature of such areas can be found by consulting the charts or Sailing Directions.
Special marks buoy
70
may indicate spoil grounds, military exercise areas, recreational zones, boundaries of anchorage areas, cables and pipelines, Dead ends, mooring areas, protected areas, marine farms or aquaculture, oil wells, ODAS(Ocean Data Acquisition System)
Special marks
71
Special mark buoy COLOUR BODY SHAPE TOPMARK LIGHT COLOUR
YELLOW OPTIONAL BUT MUST NOT CONFLICT WITH THAT USED FOR A LATERAL OR SAFE WATERMARK SINGLE YELLOW CROSS-X SHAPED YELLOW
72
play a vital role in transmitting real-time, fast, and accurate meteorological and oceanographic data to maritime stations and for scientific research purposes. Meteorological stations utilise this data to provide weather forecasts and warnings crucial for navigators, the fishing industry, recreational boating, and drilling activities.
ODAS (Ocean Data Acquisition Systems)
73
ODAS
(Ocean Data Acquisition Systems)
74
odas
75
It transmits a return signal It can be 3&10
radio beacon
76
are operated by the motion of the buoy in the sea, and can be a great comfort on a foggy day.
Sound signals
77
Sound Systems There are three main types of wave actuated sound signals:
Whistle Bell Gong
78
Lack of competence
human error
79
Do not follow pattern
Lighthouse Lightships lanbys Sectored lights Leading lights
80
NOA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
81
Maximum distance at which a given light signal can be seen by the eye of the observer at a given time
Luminous range
82
The higher light means that its horizon is farther away, see distance of horizon
note
83
Is based on the elevation of light, the height of eye of the observer and the curvature of the earth
geographic range
84
The luminous range when the daytime meteorological visibilty
nominal range