Taken by the mariner conventional direction of buoyage means the approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward. in the case of Inland Waters, the conventional direction of buoyage is going upstream.

under IALA "B", green buoys mark the _____ side of the channel when sailing towards land.

In 1979, a body called ______ was formed to unify the World's buoyage system.

Is based on the elevation of light, the height of eye of the observer and the curvature of the earth

Under IALA "B", red buoys mark the ______side of the channel

in a period with lighted period of at least 2 seconds.

The areas that use the 'B' system, are

Special mark buoy COLOUR BODY SHAPE TOPMARK LIGHT COLOUR

may indicate spoil grounds, military exercise areas, recreational zones, boundaries of anchorage areas, cables and pipelines, Dead ends, mooring areas, protected areas, marine farms or aquaculture, oil wells, ODAS(Ocean Data Acquisition System)

light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 100 per minute.

What region

12 Q / VQ The number of flashes can be related to the clock face

like quick flashing but having a brief, extended darkness period.

These markers are placed at the split of the channels to indicate that the channels are split and identifies which is the channel to use.

are operated by the motion of the buoy in the sea, and can be a great comfort on a foggy day.

The IALA systems are made up of five types of buoys

The luminous range when the daytime meteorological visibilty

Light has equal duration between light and darkness. Period consists of both light and dark interval. Also called Equal Interval (E Int).

IALA "A", red buoys mark the_____ side of the channel

light duration shorter than darkness Frequency is 60 at least 60 per minute.

Maximum distance at which a given light signal can be seen by the eye of the observer at a given time

Sound Systems There are three main types of wave actuated sound signals:

defines the borders of channels and indicates the direction

changes color. Special purpose light for situations requiring significant caution. Example shows AL. WG...alternating white and green light

are used to denote mariners' areas with special features. They do not play any major role in facilitating mariners in safe navigation. They only point out areas of certain interests to mariners. The nature of such areas can be found by consulting the charts or Sailing Directions.

This safe water buoy is vertically striped. ➤ Body: ➤ Topmark: ➤Lights:

All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by:

continuous, unblinking light

indicate the safe side of a danger with an approximate bearing

Example is ort flashes followed by one which is two short flash then a period of darkness. Shown as (MoU)) on charts

Do not follow pattern

Emergency wreck marking buoy characteristic;

The most significant difference is the

Isolated dangers buoy Body: Topmark Light:

chart symbols guide

Lateral Marks Region A Preferred channel to port

This buoy is placed as close as possible to a new dangerous wreck.

tells us that there is safe (deep) water all round the buoy. A ship can pass any side of it

This safe water buoy is vertically striped. ➤ Body: ➤ Topmark: ➤Lights:

The higher light means that its horizon is farther away, see distance of horizon

ODAS

Green buoys have ______ numbers

indicate a direction away from the danger. indicates there is a danger in the immediate vicinity of the buoy, like a wreck. Ships should keep well clear of it

Opposite of flashing. Light is on more than it is off

light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency not greater than 30 per minute

is a fixed aid to navigation that displays a light of different colours and/or rhythms over designated arcs. The colour of the light provides directional information to the mariner.

play a vital role in transmitting real-time, fast, and accurate meteorological and oceanographic data to maritime stations and for scientific research purposes. Meteorological stations utilise this data to provide weather forecasts and warnings crucial for navigators, the fishing industry, recreational boating, and drilling activities.

Lateral marks Region A Strbd hand marks

Lateral Marks Region A Preferred channel to stbrd

Red buoys have ___ numbers

NOA

Lack of competence

LATERAL MARKS REGION A PORT HAND MARKS

It transmits a return signal It can be 3&10

The emergency wreck marking buoy will remain in position until:

Combination of two patterns in one period, le. 2 flashes followed by three flashes

When a new obstacle which is not yet shown on charts needs to be marked, two cardinal buoys - for instance a South buoy and an East buoy - will be used to indicate this "uncharted" danger. The cardinal system is identical in both the IALA A and IALA B buoyage systems.