Geology homework chp

100問 • 2年前

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The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred from a magnitude 9.0-9. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan and fourth most powerful in the world. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of what?

133 feet

What is defined as: A major event brought about by the natural processes of the Earth that causes widespread destruction to the environment and loss of life?

Natural Disaster

The last meteor impact large enough to cause almost 90 percent of life on Earth to go extinct, including dinosaurs, happened when?

66 million years ago

Which of the following is not a natural disaster?

Anthropogenic Hazards

Natural disasters are not only hazards associated with land, but also other hazards like atmospheric and biological.

True

A natural hazardous event becomes a natural disaster at the point that it causes what?

All of these

An earthquake is considered a ___________ disaster.

Primary

In natural hazards the term _______ can be broadly defined as the probability that an individual or community will be subject to injury or loss due to hazardous events.

Risk

The human population has remained steady since the year 2000 and overpopulation is no longer an issue.

False

What does FEMA stand for?

Federal Emergency Management Agency

How old is Earth?

4.56 billion years old

Plate tectonics is essential for life to exist as we know it.

True

Which of the following is correct about Earth's magnetic field?

The field reverses irregularly, between magnetic north and south

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the region of the Earth System inhabited by life.

Biosphere

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the layers of gases that surrounds the planet.

Atmosphere

Fill in the blank: The ___________ is the Earth’s solid and liquid water realm

Hydrosphere

Fill in the blank: The ___________ is the solid Earth from its surface to its center.

Geosphere

What percent of Earth's surface is covered by ocean?

70%

Fill in the blank: A ________ is a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid, with a definite chemical composition.

Mineral

A rock is a naturally occurring solid consisting of mineral grains.

True

Which of the following is not a class of rocks?

Crystals

Earth's continents move freely along the tops of the plates.

False

All of the following is evidence for what? 1) Shape of the continents 2) Correlating rocks, fossils, and mountain ranges 3) Magnetic polarity record on the seafloor 4) Age of the seafloor 5) GPS monitoring of movement

Plate Tectonics

The "missing link" and driving force to the theory of plate tectonics was what?

Seafloor Spreading

Most earthquakes and volcanoes are along plate boundaries.

True

This picture displays what kind of plate boundary?

Divergent

Hawaii is a good example of what?

Mantle Plume (Hotspot)

This picture displays what kind of plate boundary?

Convergent

This picture displays what kind of plate boundary?

Transform

Fill in the blank: The ___________ is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems.

Anthropocene

What is defined as an episode of ground shaking generated when rocks break and scrape underground and send vibrations through earth?

Earthquake

What is defined as vibrations generated by earthquakes?

Seismic wave

What is the main cause of earthquakes?

Faults

Which of the following is not a type of fault?

Irregular

What is defined as the point of initial breakage and movement along a fault, where seismic waves originate?

Focus

What is the type of seismic wave that moves fastest away from an earthquake?

P-wave

Seismologists can determine the location of an earthquake.

True

Seismologists can determine the depth of an earthquake.

True

Seismologists can predict when earthquakes will occur.

False

Which scale measures earthquake intensity in relation to infrastructure and surface damage?

Mercalli

What is defined as a measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake by measuring the amplitude of seismic waves on a seismogram?

Magnitude

Most earthquakes occur at what?

Plate boundaries

The highest magnitude and most destructive earthquakes occur at what type of plate boundary?

Convergent

Tsunamis are normally produced by a magnitude 8 and above earthquake.

True

The San Andreas Fault is able to produce about what magnitude earthquake?

Around 8

Tsunamis can travel at what speed?

700km per hour

The Pacific Northwest is capable of producing a megaearthquake and tsunami along the Cascadian subduction zone.

True

The probability that an earthquake can occur in certain time intervals can be determined by seismologists.

True

Earthquake engineering can save what?

All of these

Is the Reno and Tahoe area seismically active?

Yes

What is defined as a vent out of which lava or pyroclastic debris spews onto the planet’s surface or into the air?

Volcano

Molten rock underground is referred to as what?

Magma

Molten rock above ground is referred to as what?

Lava

Fill in the blank: Mafic igneous rocks contain _________ than felsic igneous rocks

Less silica

Which rocks tend to be lighter in color, felsic igneous rocks or mafic igneous rocks?

Felsic

Which igneous rocks are formed above ground from cooled lava?

Extrusive

Which igneous rocks are formed below ground from cooled magma?

Intrusive

Granite is an example of what?

Intrusive igneous rock

Which of the following has the highest viscosity?

Marshmallow cream

Hydrothermal vents (black smokers) occur at what plate boundaries?

Divergent

Volcanoes tend to occur along what plate boundaries?

Convergent

Hawaii is an example of what tectonic feature?

Hot spot

Which of the following is not a type of volcano?

Crater

The violent types of eruptions are known as what?

Explosive

The gentler eruptions with more viscous lava are known as what?

Effusive

The most dangerous type of eruption that includes a violent eruption and ashflow/fall is called what?

Pyroclastic

Which of these is not a classification of volcanic activity status?

Intermittent

Volcanic eruptions can often be predicted if the volcano is monitored

True

Which of the following are volcanic hazards?

All of these

There are active volcanoes in the contiguous United States as well as Alaska and Hawaii.

True

What is defined as the gravitationally caused downslope transport of rock, regolith (sediment), snow or ice?

Mass wasting

What is defined as a general term for unconsolidated material at the Earth's surface, including soil, uncemented sediment, and weathered rock?

Regolith

Why isn't Earth's surface flat?

Plate tectonics

Fill in the blank: ________occurs when plates cause the upward movement of the land surface.

Uplift

Fill in the blank: _________ occurs when plates cause the downward movement of the land surface.

Subsidence

What causes erosion?

All of these

Steeper slopes are more susceptible to mass wasting.

True

Glaciers carve what shape valley?

Fill in the blank: If the downslope gravity ________ the resistance friction, material slides.

Exceeds

Safety factor= ?

resistance stress ÷ downslope shear stress

The slowest type of mass wasting event is what?

Creep

What is the term for when a volcano erupts and the hot ash mixes with water creating a volcanic mudflow?

Lahar

Snow avalanches are not examples of mass wasting.

False

If a mass wasting event involves more than one type of movement, we can refer to it as what?

Complex landslide

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for mass wasting?

Revegetation

Mass wasting risks cannot be predicted.

False

Geologic studies can help prevent mass wasting fatalities by identifying where they are likely to occur and where they have occurred in the past.

True

Deforestation is a major contributor to mass wasting.

True

Detecting the early start of mass wasting can save lives.

True

In an area of high risk for mass wasting there are no options for mitigation and humans should never live there or pass through the area.

False

A wave produced by the sudden movement of mass against water defines what?

Tsunami

The wavelength of tsunamis greatly exceeds that of storm waves.

True

What is defined as the greatest vertical distance between the crest of the tsunami and sea level as it reaches the shore?

Tsunami elevation

What has the larger wavelength?

Tsunami waves

Tsunamis are often related to what?

Earthquakes

Tsunamis can be generated by land and sea environments.

True

Tsunamis can be caused by what?

All of these

Tsunamis causing road destruction, line destructions, fires, delays in resource availability, debris, and spread of debris are all examples of what?

Secondary order disasters

Can tsunami probability be predicted after an earthquake?

Yes

100

What can help prevent tsunami destruction?

All of these

Art History

Zander Chavez · 27問 · 2年前

Art History