Chapter 11 HW

78問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Select all that apply During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?

infancy, childhood, young adulthood

Highly trained female athletes are at risk for bone loss if

menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of calcium?

Muscle function, Blood clotting, Bone building

Select all that apply Bones consist of

cortical and trabecular bone., bone marrow., a layer of periosteum.

On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age

30.

Low levels of the female reproductive hormone ________ are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)

estrogen

Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?

strength training

A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?

Acidic

Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorus, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.

limiting calcium absorption

If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by

drawing calcium out of bones.

Select all that apply Absorption of calcium is increased during

pregnancy., infancy.

Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the

small intestine.

Select all that apply Calcium absorption is increased by

the presence of lactose in the diet., high blood levels of parathyroid hormone., pregnancy.

Select all that apply For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

Salmon with soft, edible bones, Fortified breakfast cereals, Fortified soymilk

Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?

fortified orange juice

Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.

30%

Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?

Calcium carbonate

Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.

False

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of:

oxalates (i.e., oxalic acid).

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.

False

Which type of calcium supplement can be taken either with or without food?

calcium citrate

Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?

Phosphorus

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

Bone

The Upper Level for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day.

True

Select all that apply Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are

rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet., rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective.

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone.

The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

False

Select all that apply Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

phosphorus., calcium.

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

The UL for phosphorus for young adults is ______ milligrams per day.

4000

Select all that apply Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with

milk allergies., vegan diets., inadequate sun exposure.

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and

phosphorus.

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.

Rickets

Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?

Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.

Select all that apply When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

diarrhea., calcium deposits in organs.

Select all that apply Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

cardiovascular disease., type 2 diabetes.

Select all that apply The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

laxatives., supplements., antacids.

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat.

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Beans

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Select all that apply The functions of fluoride include

blocking growth of bacteria., helping teeth resist acids., mineralizing tooth enamel.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea.

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Select all that apply Select the sources of fluoride.

tea, seaweed, fluoridated water

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, stiff joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

Fluoride is a(n) ______ mineral.

trace

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

Which of the following minerals does NOT play a role in bone strength?

Chloride

Select all that apply Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

topical fluoride treatments., fluoride tablets., toothpaste.

Select all that apply High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

tooth mottling (i.e., stained teeth)., skeletal damage.

Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.

hip

Select all that apply Choose the minerals that have a role in building/maintaining bone strength.

phosphorus, calcium, magnesium

Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?

Women after menopause

Select all that apply Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in

disability., mortality., loss of independence.

______ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.

Osteoporosis

______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 70.

Type 2 osteoporosis

Select all that apply Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include

wrist., spine., pelvis.

______ commonly occurs in women after menopause as a result of low estrogen concentrations.

Type 1 osteoporosis

Men or women over the age of 70 may suffer from type ______ osteoporosis.

Abnormal curvature in the upper spine is called:

kyphosis.

The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.

low-level x-rays

Select all that apply The consequences of osteoporosis are

pain and deformity., decreased physical ability., bone fractures.

Select all that apply What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?

vegan diet, milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.

trabecular

Select all that apply What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?

fortified orange juice, fortified breakfast cereals

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?

Demineralization of trabecular bone, Affects both men and women, Demineralization of cortical bone

Kyphosis is:

an abnormal bending of the spine.

The results of DEXA measurements are known as

T scores.

A person with intolerance to lactose may have to follow a _____ free diet.

dairy

About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?

10 minutes

Art History

Zander Chavez · 27問 · 2年前

Art History