PCAs + Andover Tornado Videos

100問 • 2年前

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When viewed from space an hour after the eruption, what was the initial estimate of the size of the dust cloud from the Hunga Tonga eruption?

Hundreds of kilometers wide.

When was the largest Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption?

Jan 14, 2022

The tsunami from the Hunga Tonga eruption hit the U.S. West Coast and was highest in Port San Luis, California. What was the tsunami height in Port San Luis?

about 4 foot

What is the name of the Japanese weather satellite that took images of the Hunga Tonga eruption?

Himawari 8

What was the best weather band frequency to see the Hunga Tonga pressure wave using weather satellites?

Near infrared light

How far did the atmospheric pressure wave from the Hunga Tonga eruption travel?

All the way around the world.

How many lighting strikes were logged at the Hunga Tonga eruption?

Hundreds of thousands

What is the geologic feed to the Hunga Tonga eruption?

Subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Australian Plate.

What was responsible for the "year without summer" in 1815?

The eruption of Tambora.

What causes world wide cold temperatures after volcanic eruptions?

The dust ejected into the atmosphere cools the Earth's surface.

What is the grand unifying theory of earth science?

Plate tectonics

What is the name for the rocky outer part of the Earth that moves in plate tectonics?

Lithosphere

What was the evidence Wegener considered when proposing his continental drift theory?

mountain trends, fossils and rock type locations

Marie Tharp was a geologist and ocean cartographer instrumental to the modern understanding of sea floor spreading but could not go on the ocean research ships. What was the reason Tharp could not go to sea?

She was a woman.

What is occurring at the oceanic ridges?

The sea floor is spreading and magma is flowing out along the ridge.

What are the magnetic bar codes in the sea floor?

Cooled magma extending out on both sides of the oceanic ridges that was magnetized in the direction of Earth's field when the magma cooled.

How does the density of oceanic crust compare to continental crust?

Oceanic crust has a 10% higher density of 3.0 g/cubic centimeter.

About how fast do seafloors move?

A few millimeters a month

What percent of Earth's volcanoes and earthquakes occur on the Circum-Pacific belt?

about 75% of all volcanoes and 90% of all earthquakes.

What are the 3 different types of boundaries on the Pacific plate?

divergent, convergent and transform boundaries

When did the "Orphan Tsunami" strike Japan?

Jan 27, 1700

What is the origin of the Cascadia Subduction Zone?

It occurs where the Juan de Fuca plate is being pushed under the North American Plate.

What is the estimated chance of a megaquake along the Cascadia Subduction Zone?

A 12% change within 50 years

What is the length of the Cascadia Subduction Zone that could rupture in a megaquake?

1000 kilometers

What is the approximate speed that seismic waves will spread out from the Cascadia epicenter?

About 5 kilometers per second

Where is the expected epicenter of the next Cascadia megaquake?

More than 100 kilometers off the coast

How long is the shaking of the Cascadia megaquake expected to last?

4 minutes

What is expected to be the worst hazard in the Cascadia megaquake?

the tsunami

What is the speed of a tsunami wave?

800 kilometers per hour

What is the estimated cost of the immediate damage following a Cascadia megaquake?

about 100 billion dollars

What is the name of the index used to measure volcanic eruptions?

Volcanic Explosivity Index

What is name for the solid rock eject from a volcano?

tephra

How much tephra is released in a VEI 8 eruption?

more than 1000 cubic kilometers

What causes a caldera to form?

the collapse of the ground into the empty magma chamber

When was the last super-eruption of Yellowstone?

about 640 thousand years ago

How many volcanoes on Earth are overdue for a super-eruption?

none as volcanoes do not work on precise cycles.

What is a "hot spot" volcano?

a volcano caused by a hot region of the mantle that melts nearby rock and pushes to the surface.

Over the last several hundred thousand years, how many non-explosive eruptions of lava have occurred at Yellowstone?

Around 80

What portion of a magma chambers typically needs to be molten for an eruption to occur?

At least 50%

How far in advance of a super-eruption would we get warnings?

Decades to centuries.

What is the name for the forces that work to tear down landforms

erosion

What must happen for an object to slide down a slope?

the force of gravity down the slope must be larger than the force of friction

What is the name of the slowest mass movement?

creep

What is the name of the fastest mass movement?

rock fall

What is the name for the mass movements when water has liquefied surface material?

flows

What is the name of the movement of a layer of rock along a planer surface?

slide

What is the name of the movement of material down a hill along a curved surface?

slump

How to plants help in preventing mass movements?

deep plant roots can help keep soils more compacted and connected.

Which of the following are triggers for mass movements?

all of these are triggers

Which type of natural disaster causes the greatest human and financial impact in California?

mass movement

What magnitude earthquake is expected to occur in the Pacific Northwest (Cascadia)?

How many more times powerful will the Cascadia megaearthquake be than California's most destructive earthquake?

45x

What percent chance (probability) due scientists estimate that this Cascadia megaquake will occur within the next 50 years?

37%

How prepared is the United States compared to Japan for a megaquake and resulting tsunami?

Nowhere near as prepared as Japan was

The community of Seaside was built before our knowledge of plate tectonics.

True

What is the problem with evacuation to higher ground for a tsunami in Seaside and many other communities that would be subject to the Cascadia tsunami?

The bridges may fall during the earthquakes cutting off the routes

All new structures are built up to earthquake standards.

True

Are the vast majority of structures in the Pacific Northwest built to standards for the Cascadia megaquake?

No, most are not

All homes are already retrofitted by law to be up to modern worse-case scenario earthquake standards.

False

Most homes in the Cascadia megaquake/tsunami region aren't even bolted to their foundations.

True

What cave has the largest volume in the world?

Hang Son Doong in Vietnam

What is the name of rock formed at the bottom of oceans from the shells of corals, crabs and other sea creatures?

limestone

How do we get limestone on dry land and the tops of mountains.

Plate tectonics

What is the mineral that limestone is made of?

calcium carbonate

Does well does limestone dissolve?

Limestone dissolves easily even in weak acids.

How is carbonic acid created in rain?

H2O combines with CO2 to make carbonic acid.

How old is Hang Son Doong

About 3 million years

What is the name for landforms carved into cliffs and other strange unique shapes by dissolving limestone?

Karst topography

Where do karsts form most easily?

In warm wet climates

What is the most common type of cave?

A solution cave.

What is the habitable zone in a planetary-star system?

The orbital distance range from a star where a planet could have liquid water on its surface depending on planetary conditions.

Why are Mars and Venus not habitable?

Both have a problem with their atmospheres.

How much of Venus's atmosphere is carbon dioxide?

96%

What is the pressure of Venus's atmosphere?

About 92 times the pressure of Earth's atmosphere

What is the size of Venus compared to Earth?

About the same diameter of Earth

What is the surface temperature of Venus?

470 Celsius

What describes the greenhouse effect on Venus?

It has a very strong, supercharged, greenhouse effect.

What is the condition needed for a planet's surface temperature to be in equilibrium?

The heat and light from the Sun must balance the heat radiated by the planet as infrared light.

What is a greenhouse gas?

A gas that absorbs and reflects infrared light.

How does plate tectonics determine if a planet has a strong, mild or weak greenhouse effect?

Plate tectonics can have a wild effect on the present greenhouse conditions.

What type of storms are the most powerful?

Hurricanes

When does hurricane season peak in the Atlantic Ocean?

late summer months

What is the source of energy for hurricanes?

Warm mosit air on the ocean surface

What is the eye of a hurricane?

A low pressure center that winds spin around.

What wind speeds are required to become a hurricane?

74 mph

What wind speeds are required to become a Category 5 hurricane?

155 mph

What is the most dangerous component of hurricanes?

Storm surge

How high can storm surges from hurricanes rise?

20 feet

What percentage of hurricane deaths are due to storm surge?

90%

What is the purpose of hurricanes in the global ecosystem?

Regulate climate by moving heat energy from the equator.

How many suction vortices were visible?

1 clearly with maybe a few more

What was the name of the camera operator in the Andover ground video who predicted the path the tornado would take?

Mike

Hypothermia occurs when?

When the body loses heat faster than we can produce it

How many people in the United States die of accidental hypothermia each year?

1,500

Why is wearing wet clothes or wind chill such a greatly contributing factor?

Both can strip the thin layer of heat on the skins surface,

What is the early sign of hypothermia on muscles?

Shivering

What happens to your brain with hypothermia to cause confusion?

It gets colder

People experiencing hypothermia may strip off their clothes despite being in a cold environment.

True

Hypothermia cannot cause permanent brain damage.

False

100

How can you prevent hypothermia

All of these

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