Geology homework chp 2 + Tornadoes Special Video

Zander Chavez · 27問 · 2年前

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What is the largest reservoir in the hydrologic cycle?

Ocean

Saltwater contains what quantity of salt or more?

3.5%

Humans are now depleting freshwater supplies more quickly than they can be replenished by nature.

True

What is defined as the surface and near surface realm of the Earth system that is home to all life?

Critical zone

What is defined as the gradual sinking of the land surface over a broad area?

Land subsidence

The portion of the hydrosphere that occurs in oceans, lakes, streams, rivers, swamps, snow and glaciers is known as what?

Surface water

Water that resides under the surface of Earth, mostly in pores or cracks of rocks and sediments is known as what?

Groundwater

What is it called when the amount of water leaving a water body exceeds the amount being supplied by the watershed?

Freshwater depletion

Humans dump sewage, garbage, oil/gas, chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste into water in massive quantities.

True

The Gulf of Mexico is known for being a "living zone" home to most flourishing biodiversity in the ocean.

False

Fill in the blank: A rise in the _______ of freshwater that makes it unusable; it can be caused by the addition of salts or by decreases in water inflow, or increased evaporation.

Salinity

Fill in the blank: Groundwater resides in ________, the relatively small open spaces in rocks.

Pores

Aquifers have high permeability and porosity and aquitards have low permeability.

True

Significant groundwater depletion has not yet happened.

False

Most sinkholes occur due to the collapse of underground caves in what rock type?

Limestone

What is composed of the layer of gases that surrounds the planet?

Atmosphere

Oxygen represents about what percent of the atmosphere?

21%

Nitrogen represents about what percent of the atmosphere?

78%

Which of the following does Earth's atmosphere have more of?

Argon

What is defined as local scale atmospheric conditions as defined by temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation.

Weather

What is defined as the average, range, and variation of weather conditions in a region over decades to millennia?

Climate

What scientists study and predict the weather?

Meteorologists

Fill in the blank: The __________ at which air molecules move; the higher the temperature.

Faster speed

The lowest layer of the atmosphere is what?

Troposphere

Reno is located at what sort of latitude?

Mid latitude

What is the genesis of a tornado?

The unique structure of individual storms

What is responsible for the creation of horizontal spinning tube of air in supercell storms?

Wind shear in the lower mile of the supercell.

What is the mesocyclone?

A vertically spinning tube of air tilted upwards by the supercell updraft.

What is the wall cloud in a supercell storm?

A cloud that forms at the base of the updraft in a supercell storm.

Where in the supercell does the tornado form?

In the rear flank downdraft.

What produces the characteristic hook shape on radar in the supercell storm?

The rear flank downdraft curling around the mesocyclone.

After the mesocyclone has formed, what causes the second tube of horizontally spinning air to form in a supercell storm?

Descending air in the rear flank downdraft hitting the ground and splashing outward.

Why are two vertical tubes formed by the rear flank downdraft?

The horizontal tube of spinning air from the rear flank downdraft is bent up by the mesocyclone resulting in each end becoming oppositely spinning vertical tubes.

What percentage of super cell storms will form a tornado?

30%

How did the tornado debris in the air appear on the radar image of the Washington, Illinois supercell storm?

Debris is violet in color like hail.

What tornado wind speeds are required to level buildings and strip bark from trees?

190 mph

As the central region of the tornado widens what happens to the overall wind speed?

As the tornado widens the overall wind speed decreases.

What is a suction vortex?

Small scale tornadoes formed by updraft air meeting downdraft air in a large wide tornado.

How is it that only some houses that a large tornado passes over are destroyed?

A large tornado have multiple smaller suction vortices that damage some houses but not others.

Why are suction vortices seldom observed in large tornadoes?

Sunction vortices are inside large tornadoes where they are masked by all the dust, debri and condensation.

What is the likely path of a tornado?

Tornadoes move in a rather quite straight path.

What is the "rope stage" of a tornado?

The rope stage marks the ending of a tornado as the rear flank has completely wrapped around the mesocyclone.

What is the Fujita scale?

A measure of the wind speed in a tornado by observing the damage it causes.

What is the maximum operational value on the original Fujita scale?

What is the maximum operational wind speeds on the original Fujita scale?

261-318 mph

The Fujita scale is determined by the damage done by a tornado but the damage changes along the path of the tornado. What is used to determine the Fujita value?

The worst damage along the path.

What is the EF rank of a tornado?

The enhanced Fujita scale which has more categories for measured damage and lower wind speeds.

Since 2010 with modern Dopple radar what has been the average tornado warning time?

20 minutes

What is Doppler on Wheels?

A modern high resolution mobile radar system that has made it possible to observe tornadoes from a safe distance while revolutionizing our understanding of tornadoes.

If you are in a car and going to be over taken by a tornado which of the following is the best strategy for sheltering?

Stay in the car.

What occurs when a person’s core temperature drops below a safe range?

Hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs in which of the following scenraios?

When a person is exposed to brief periods of extreme cold or long periods of moderate cold

What is defined as the actual freezing of body tissue?

Frostbite

Wind chill temperature communicates what?

The effect of cold and wind combined

Fill in the blank: Changes in the flow of the _________ can bring cold air to normally temperate regions.

Polar vortex

What occurs when strong winds north of the low pressure center blow from the northeast, creating dangerous waves, intense blizzards, inland ice storms?

Nor’easters

You can be at risk for hypothermia when the temperature is above freezing.

True

Life is possible without the Sun.

False

What is defined as a stream of charged particles emerging from the Sun with enough energy to escape from the Sun's gravity and flow outward into space.

Solar Wind

What is defined as conditions in the region of space surrounding the earth that result from the interactions of charged particles coming from the sun. also known as geomagnetic storms?

Space weather

Solar prominences, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections are all examples of what?

Solar storms

The Sun produces energy how

Nuclear fusion

Fill in the blank: Without the _______, so much UV radiation would reach Earth that most life would not survive (anything in air or on land).

Ozone layer

What layer of Earth's atmosphere plays an especially important role in absorbing dangerous UV radiation from the Sun?

Ozone layer

Fill in the blank: Most solar wind particles do not travel fast enough to penetrate Earth's ________, so the outer edge of the field deflects those particles which flow past Earth.

Magnetic field

What causes the undulating curtain-like bands of varicolored light that appear at night, and are known as auroras.

Electrons interacting with ions in the ionosphere

Which space objects are made primarily of ice and originate mostly from far out by the Oort Cloud?

Comet

What space objects are made primarily of rock and originate mostly from the belt between Mars and Jupiter?

Asteroids

Astronomers refer to small space objects (less than 100 meters across) as what?

Meteoroids

When a meteoroid gets a fiery trail as bright as Venus, what is it called?

Fireball

What is a bolide?

Exploding fireball

How long ago did the dinosaurs die in a mass extinction involving an impact from outer space?

66 million years ago

What is a land area up to several kilometers wide in which the landscape and local climate are influenced by proximity to the ocean?

Coast

An oceanographer is what?

Scientist who studies the ocean.

A definable band of flowing water within a larger body of water is also known as what?

Current

What is a large surface currents that carry water entirely around the margin of an ocean?

Gyre

The generally twice-daily rise and fall of the sea surface is known as what?

Tide

Tide-generating forces are caused by what?

Gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and centrifugal force caused by the rotation of the earth-Moon system around its center of mass.

Some of the factors that influence the magnitude of the tidal range are:

All of these

The shoreline is the boundary between water and land.

True

The region between the two shoreline positions constitutes what?

Intertidal zone

What are wave trains?

A group of waves travelling together

Waves that come from the interaction between moving air and the surface of the ocean are what?

Wind driven waves

When gravity draws the water back down the slope, what is it known as?

Backwash

When waves approaching the shore are orientated toward at an angle to the shore, they undergo bending, or:

Wave refraction

Swash is the movement of water toward the shore.

True

Fill in the blank: The character of a coast is influenced by sediment deposition, mass wasting, ______, and in some cases, wind erosion.

Wave erosion

The return flow along the seafloor beneath the surf-zone is known as what?

Undertow

Fill in the blank: Overwhelming ______ can disrupt fishing, tourism, and sicken people.

algal blooms

What results from farm fertilizers that rivers have carried to the sea that stimulate harmful algal blooms?

Dead zones

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