module 6

60問 • 1年前

問題一覧

discusses the steps and procedures that you will use in conducting research.

research methodology

This includes the type of research technique you will adopt in the study how you will get the data for the study, whom and where you will get the data from and how you will analyze the data gathered.

research methodology

research design, research locale, the respondents, research ethics, research instrument, data collection procedure, data analysis procedure

This section describes the specific research approach you will use in this study.

research design

This can be ethnography, case study, grounded theory, phenomenology or narrative.

research design

is dependent on the purpose of the study and the set of specific research questions you have formulated.

research design

ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, grounded theory, case study

This section describes the setting or location of your study.

research locale

The specific description of the setting is very important in a qualitative research since the setting or context may have an effect or impact on the behavior of the respondents.

research locale

This describes the respondents of the study and how the respondents shall be qualified.

the respondents

The description may include the demographic profile of the respondents such as age, education background, occupation or other factors that may be relevant in the understanding the (behavior of the) respondents.

the respondents

research ethics

honesty and integrity, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, responsible publication, animal care, objectivity, openness, confidentiality, legality, human subject protection

This section outlines the instruments you will use in the study such as interview questions, interview protocols, observation guide, survey form, focus group discussion question and others.

research instruments

This section describes the strategy and specific steps you will undergo in order to collect the data for your study.

data collection procedure

In some types of research, particularly ethnographic and case studies, the specific date of doing the steps is important.

data collection procedure

The instruments used to record (pen and paper, audio or video recorder, etc.) may also be mentioned.

data collection procedure

Your qualitative data collection procedure may be any of the following as deemed applicable.

observation, interview, focus group discussion

Some research questions can be best answered by seeing for yourself what is happening or how things look (e.g., students’ behavior in a particular subject).

observation

observation has 4 types

participant observation, non-participant observation, naturalists observation, simulation

the researcher participates as much as possible in the daily life of the subjects while also carefully observing everything he can about it which gives the researcher an opportunity to learn things directly from his own experience.

participant observation

the researcher does not participate in the activity but rather, he “sits on the sidelines” and watches the subjects.

non-participant observation

involves observing the subject in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

allows the researcher to observe what is happening in certain kinds of situation, including those that occur infrequently by creating the desired situation.

simulation

are simple, detailed notes of the researcher while conducting observation in the field. This is the written account of what the researcher has seen, experienced, felt or thought during the actual observation.

field notes

This can be reflective or descriptive.

field notes

refer to quick notes on to something the researcher would like to recall later.

field jotting

This provides some stimulus for the researcher to recall on details for the interview or observation.

field jotting

refers to the personal statement of the researcher’s thoughts, feelings, or opinions on others whom he has close encounter with during the course of study

field diary

risk in using observation technique

observer bias, observer effect

refers to the possibility that certain characteristics or ideas of the researcher may “affect what they observe” – because we are all influenced to some degree by our experiences in the past, which in turn affect how we see the world and the people around us.

observer bias

means that the act of observing will influence the phenomenon being observed because people may not behave or act naturally when they are aware of being observed.

observer bias

This technique is a conversation between two or more people where the interviewer asks questions to gather specific information form the interviewee.

interview

4 different types of interviews for qualitative research

structured interview, semi-structured interview, informal interview, retrospective interview

the researcher prepares a specific set of questions (often shorter in nature) and reads the questions exactly to individuals to establish an understanding of their ideas on a topic.

structured interview

the researcher sets the outline for the topics covered and prepares mostlymopen-ended questions such that the responses of the interviewee determine the direction of the interviewee determine the direction of the interview.

semi-structured interview

are less formal than structured or semi-structured interviews.

informal interview

They resemble casual observations as they do not involve any specific type of sequence of questions or any particular form of questioning.

informal interview

can be structured, unstructured or informal.

retrospective interview

Here, the researchermtries to get the respondent to recall and then reconstruct from memory something that has happened in the past.

retrospective interview

is a free-flowing discussion with a small group of six to ten people in order to generate ideas and opinions on certain issues moderated by a skilled facilitator.

focus group study

Note that an _____ is not a debate or a session that resolves conflict or a problem; instead, it is an opportunity to gain insights from participants on certain topics.

focus group study

In selecting the participants for the focus group, the following are some of the criteria to be considered:

age, gender, power

There are thee (3) types of FGD questions:

engagement questions, exploration questions, exit questions

introduce the participants to the topic and set the tone for the discussion.

engagement questions

get the insights of the participants on the topic.

engagement questions

These questions also probe some of the issues given by the participants that usually begin asking why and how.

engagement questions

are given to make sure everything is covered up and nothing is missed in the discussion

exit questions

This section describes how you will analyze the data that you will gather.

data analysis procedure

interpreting qualitative data

patterns, key events, visual presentations, statistics

This is actually the utmost concern of a qualitative research – to look for patterns, themes or constructs.

patterns

You can generate concepts or constructs by comparing and contrasting the data collected and sorting out until you can be able to find patterns and dividing them into themes.

patterns

To loom for patterns, code common responses in the observation you have made.

patterns

These are specific and prominent events or phenomena that occurred in a certain group.

key events

If your study is aiming to describe and analyze a culture group, key events that occur in a group you are studying can provide necessary information.

key events

This can also provide an understanding of the group and can help you to relate the culture of the group to others.

key events

This is a very useful tool in presenting and understanding the results in a qualitative research.

visual representations

This better presents any system, patterns, interaction or relationship that could generate from the data.

visual representations

can be done in the form of maps, graphic organizers, matrices and flowcharts.

visual representations

The use of numbers in qualitative research is not the primary data that you can get.

statistics

However, there are some responses or data in which _____ is needed such as percentage and frequency.

statistics

HEALTH

Zna Reah · 8問 · 2年前

HEALTH