science 1st

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

This is the stable balance that exists within the earth's crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath.

isostasy

proposed this idea in 1889 to explain the concept of contracting earth.

Clarence Edward Dutton

proposed by German Climatologist, in his book "The origins of continents and oceans" 1915

continental drift

Pangaea "all earth" existed during the

permian period

He used identical plant fossils discovered in coal beds in Europe and US.

Antonio Snider Pellegrini (Noah's Great Flood)

All continents were once connected during the

Pennsylvanian period (314-280 ma)

an Australian scientist described how plants in late Paleozoic coal beds in India, Australia, South Africa, and South America were all similar.

eduard suess

is an interval of time within the ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacial advances.

glaciation/glacial period

This evidence gained credibility when scientists discovered great coal deposits in Antarctica that could prove that fauna and flora have abundantly dominated the area

evidence of glaciation

Two plates meet in a triple junction where the Red Sea meets the Gulf of Aden forming the afar triangle.

triple junction (evidence from structure and rock types)

Coastlines perfectly fit together

western africa, south america

are good evidence for the breakup of Pangaea where several deep lakes are present in the area.

rift valleys

is the study of the extended climatic conditions of past geologic conditions.

paleoclimatology

glacial till & striations

polar climates

dunes & coral reefs

desert, tropical climates

is the study of ancient magnetic fields

paleomagnetism

scientists can determine the direction of the magnetic poles and the magnetic latitude at the time the rock was formed

magnetometer

an American geologist that proposed seafloor spreading in the 1960s

harry hess

who and when coined the term "seafloor spreading"

Robert S. Dietz, 1961

a deep canal in the ocean floor

trench

SONAR means

sound navigation and ranging

which uses longitudinal waves to find and identify objects in the water. (depth of the water).

SONAR

is the region between annoceanic trench and the associatednvolcanic arc found in convergent margins.

forearc

is the line that separates two tectonic plates

boundary

plate boundaries

convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, transform boundaries

three types of convergent plate boundaries

oceanic to continental convergence, oceanic to oceanic convergence, continental to continental convergence

this is a point at which three plate boundaries meet

triple junctions

there are three types involved in triple junctions

Ridge (R), Trench (T), Transform Fault (F)

how many tectonic plates

how many triple junctions

100

possible to occur

RRR, TTT

does not possible to occur

FFF

is a method of heat transfer commonly observed among fluids

convection

mantle convection theory was proposed by in

Arthur Holmes, 1929

He proposed based on Wegener's.observation that as the mantle heats up, its density decreases and rises. As the material cools down, it would sink exhibiting a circling behavior

arthur holmes, mantle convection theory

The mantle near the core is extremely hot compared to the mantle near the surface

mantle convection theory

The mantle near the core is extremely hot compared to the mantle near the surface

mantle convection theory

According to this theory, GRAVITY and the plates themselves are responsible for plate tectonics via the subduction process.

slab pull theory

old rocks or

slabs

are locations on Earth's surface that have experienced active volcanic activities for a long period of time. (caused by mantle convection)

hotspots

Rocks here melt and become magma - (40 to 50 known hotspots)

hotspots

are areas or columns where heat or rocks in the mantle are rising toward Earth's surface. (located underneath continental or oceanic crust or along plate boundaries.)

mantle plumes

In ___. Wilson's hotspots theory was further developed by an American geophysicist,____

1971, William Jason Morgan

refers to the processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rocks.

volcanisms

___ explained hotspots when he proposed the existence of roughly cylindrical convective upwelling in Earth's mantle.

William Jason Morgan

is a natural occurrences characterized by the abrupt and violent shifting of massive plates beneath the earth's surface

earthquake

is the location within the earth along the geological faults where the earthquake begins..

hypocenter/focus

is a crack across that the rocks have been offset first.

fault

are detected using a seismograph

seismic waves

seismic waves 2 classes

surface waves, body waves

is seismic that travels beneath the surface of the earth.

body wave

body wave , 2 types

compressional (P) waves, shear (s) waves

can travel along the surface

surface waves

they arrive after the P and S waves

surface waves

surface waves, 2 types

love, rayleigh

move transverse to the direction of propagation but have no vertical motion.

love waves

horizontally or side to side at right angles to the direction of the traveling waves) - destructive for buildings and structure.

love waves

ground roll

rayleigh waves

cause rock particles to move upward, backward, and down in a path that contains the direction of the wave travel.

rayleigh waves

is used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

triangulation method

types of earthquakes

tectonic, volcanic, collapse, explosion

can be defined as the process of emitting energy by

radiation

particles, waves

such as high energy of protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, and ions

particles

either light or sound

waves

waves 2 types

natural/background radiation, man-made radiation

These are composed of unstable atoms that give off their excess energy until it becomes stable.

radioactive materials

energy emitted

radiation

This happens during the spontaneous change to be more stable.

radioactive decay

One way to describe radioactivity of an element is its

half-life

which is the time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.

half life

The standard unit of measurement of exposure to ionizing radiation.

sievert

This measure the amount of radiation and in 1 Sv is 100x larger than 1 rem.

rem (roentgen equivalent man)

It is often useful to express the rate at which dose is delivered.

rem (roentgen equivalent man)

associated with long term, low level exposure to radiation

stochastic effects

appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation and become more severe as the exposure increases.

non-stochastic effects

a method of tracing the path that light takes in order for an individual to view a point on the image of an object.

ray diagram

is the process of making something looks bigger than it is to see object in detail.

magnification

This is the measure of the size of an image compared to the size of the object.

magnification

is the line joining the centers of curvatures of its surface.

principal axis

of a curve is found at a point that is at a distance from the curve equal to the radius of curvature lying on the normal vector.

center of curvature

It is the point at infinity if the curvature is zero.

center of curvature

is a device which is used to produce electric energy, which can be stored in batteries or can be directly supplied to the homes, shops, offices, etc.

electric generator

Electric generators work on the principle of

electromagnetic induction

is rotated rapidly between the poles of a horseshoe type magnet.

conductor coil

is connected to a shaft of a mechanical energy source such as a motor and rotated.

armature

required can be provided by engines operating on fuels such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. or via renewable energy sources such as a wind turbine, water turbine, solar-powered turbine, etc.

mechanical energy

_____, it cuts the magnetic field which lies between the two poles of the magnet.

when coil rotates

The _____ will interfere with the electrons in the conductor to induce a flow of electric current inside it.

magnetic field

is a machine that can convert electric energy into mechanical energy (specifically kinetic energy, or the energy of motion).

electric motor

This is typically achieved by exploiting the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

electric motor

may be powered by an AC current, such as that flowing from your wall outlet, or DC current such as that supplied by a battery.

electric motor

the interaction between the current and the field produces a

torque

CT scan radiation

5-10 mSv

stream of particles

photons

for receptors

retina

where the image was formed

retina

refracts light

cornea

formed when two continental plates collide

the Himalayas and Alps that considered zones of mountains

100

continental plates crumple snd push upward

orogeny

HEALTH

Zna Reah · 8問 · 2年前

HEALTH