This is the stable balance that exists within the earth's crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath.

proposed this idea in 1889 to explain the concept of contracting earth.

proposed by German Climatologist, in his book "The origins of continents and oceans" 1915

Pangaea "all earth" existed during the

He used identical plant fossils discovered in coal beds in Europe and US.

All continents were once connected during the

an Australian scientist described how plants in late Paleozoic coal beds in India, Australia, South Africa, and South America were all similar.

is an interval of time within the ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacial advances.

This evidence gained credibility when scientists discovered great coal deposits in Antarctica that could prove that fauna and flora have abundantly dominated the area

Two plates meet in a triple junction where the Red Sea meets the Gulf of Aden forming the afar triangle.

Coastlines perfectly fit together

are good evidence for the breakup of Pangaea where several deep lakes are present in the area.

is the study of the extended climatic conditions of past geologic conditions.

glacial till & striations

dunes & coral reefs

is the study of ancient magnetic fields

scientists can determine the direction of the magnetic poles and the magnetic latitude at the time the rock was formed

an American geologist that proposed seafloor spreading in the 1960s

who and when coined the term "seafloor spreading"

a deep canal in the ocean floor

SONAR means

which uses longitudinal waves to find and identify objects in the water. (depth of the water).

is the region between annoceanic trench and the associatednvolcanic arc found in convergent margins.

is the line that separates two tectonic plates

plate boundaries

three types of convergent plate boundaries

this is a point at which three plate boundaries meet

there are three types involved in triple junctions

how many tectonic plates

how many triple junctions

possible to occur

does not possible to occur

is a method of heat transfer commonly observed among fluids

mantle convection theory was proposed by in

He proposed based on Wegener's.observation that as the mantle heats up, its density decreases and rises. As the material cools down, it would sink exhibiting a circling behavior

The mantle near the core is extremely hot compared to the mantle near the surface

The mantle near the core is extremely hot compared to the mantle near the surface

According to this theory, GRAVITY and the plates themselves are responsible for plate tectonics via the subduction process.

old rocks or

are locations on Earth's surface that have experienced active volcanic activities for a long period of time. (caused by mantle convection)

Rocks here melt and become magma - (40 to 50 known hotspots)

are areas or columns where heat or rocks in the mantle are rising toward Earth's surface. (located underneath continental or oceanic crust or along plate boundaries.)

In ___. Wilson's hotspots theory was further developed by an American geophysicist,____

refers to the processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rocks.

___ explained hotspots when he proposed the existence of roughly cylindrical convective upwelling in Earth's mantle.

is a natural occurrences characterized by the abrupt and violent shifting of massive plates beneath the earth's surface

is the location within the earth along the geological faults where the earthquake begins..

is a crack across that the rocks have been offset first.

are detected using a seismograph

seismic waves 2 classes

is seismic that travels beneath the surface of the earth.

body wave , 2 types

can travel along the surface

they arrive after the P and S waves

surface waves, 2 types

move transverse to the direction of propagation but have no vertical motion.

horizontally or side to side at right angles to the direction of the traveling waves) - destructive for buildings and structure.

ground roll

cause rock particles to move upward, backward, and down in a path that contains the direction of the wave travel.

is used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

types of earthquakes

can be defined as the process of emitting energy by

radiation

such as high energy of protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, and ions

either light or sound

waves 2 types

These are composed of unstable atoms that give off their excess energy until it becomes stable.

energy emitted

This happens during the spontaneous change to be more stable.

One way to describe radioactivity of an element is its

which is the time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.

The standard unit of measurement of exposure to ionizing radiation.

This measure the amount of radiation and in 1 Sv is 100x larger than 1 rem.

It is often useful to express the rate at which dose is delivered.

associated with long term, low level exposure to radiation

appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation and become more severe as the exposure increases.

a method of tracing the path that light takes in order for an individual to view a point on the image of an object.

is the process of making something looks bigger than it is to see object in detail.

This is the measure of the size of an image compared to the size of the object.

is the line joining the centers of curvatures of its surface.

of a curve is found at a point that is at a distance from the curve equal to the radius of curvature lying on the normal vector.

It is the point at infinity if the curvature is zero.

is a device which is used to produce electric energy, which can be stored in batteries or can be directly supplied to the homes, shops, offices, etc.

Electric generators work on the principle of

is rotated rapidly between the poles of a horseshoe type magnet.

is connected to a shaft of a mechanical energy source such as a motor and rotated.

required can be provided by engines operating on fuels such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. or via renewable energy sources such as a wind turbine, water turbine, solar-powered turbine, etc.

_____, it cuts the magnetic field which lies between the two poles of the magnet.

The _____ will interfere with the electrons in the conductor to induce a flow of electric current inside it.

is a machine that can convert electric energy into mechanical energy (specifically kinetic energy, or the energy of motion).

This is typically achieved by exploiting the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

may be powered by an AC current, such as that flowing from your wall outlet, or DC current such as that supplied by a battery.

the interaction between the current and the field produces a

CT scan radiation

stream of particles

for receptors

where the image was formed

refracts light

formed when two continental plates collide