this theory states that the earth is compared into a grape that contracted into a raisin do the cooling process that occurred after the big bang (13.77bya)

the cooling process caused to contraction and pressure to rise and form

others buckle downward and formed

this is a stable balance that exist within the earth's crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath

proposed isostasy to explain the concept of the contracting earth

the term tectonic is derived from the greek word ___ meaning ___ or ___

scientists have tears tectonic place to describe the of ___ the lithosphere

the earth's crust is divided into a dozen or more large and small solid plates or known as

tectonic plates are also called

the earth consist of ____ and is constantly moving relative ranging from 1 cm to 15 cm every year

a world atlas

theatrum orbis terrarum was published by ____ on ____

was proposed by german climatologist alfred wegner

what is the book of Alfred Wegner

pangaea "____"

pangaea "all earth existed during the _____ period

he explained that 1,100 ma a supercontinent called ___ existed before pangaea

a vast ocean that surrounded pangaea

panthalassa was formed around

Tethys sea

there are ___ crustal plates

also predicted that in ____, the seven continents will realign reforming the historical pangea

2 types of lithospheric plates

is the solid part associated with the continental crust

make up the oceanic crust

it is the younger crust about 7 km thick

Galileo Galilei theory

Claudius Ptolemy theory

discovery of magnetic reversals

EVIDENCE OF PLATE TECTONICS

he used identical plant fossils discovered in coal beds in europe and us

all continents were once connected during the

when was the Pennsylvanian period

an australian scientist describe how plants in late paleozoic coal beds in india, Australia, south Africa and South America were all similar

is an interval of time within the ice age that is mark by colder temperatures and glacial advantage

this evidence green credibility when scientist discovered great called deposits in antarctica that improve that fauna and flora have abundantly dominated the area

western africa and south america eastern coast lines perfectly fit together

are good evidence for the breakup of pangaea where several deep lakes are present in the area

two plates meet in a triple junction where the ___meets the ____ forming the afar triangle

is the study of the extended climatic conditions of past geologic conditions

glacial till and striations indicate

dunes and coral reefs represent

is a technique used by scientists to determine the fossil record

is the study of ancient magnetic fields

study of fossils

using a _____, scientist can determine the direction of the magnetic poles and the magnetic latitude at the time the rock was formed

seafloor spreading theory was proposed by ____ an american geologist in the ____

coined the term seafloor spreading

propose that the new oceanic crust spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt like motion

the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwardsz pushing older crust away from the ridge

a deep canal in the ocean floor

SONAR means

which uses longitudinal waves to find and identify objects in the water. (depth of the water)

is the region between an oceanic trench and associated volcanic arc found in the convergent margins

is the line that separates two tectonic plates

PLATE BOUNDARIES

this is known as the destructive plate boundary

are the areas where tectonic plates dive beneath other plates into the earth's interior

it occurs when two plates push against each other

100 km before subducting plate heats up

a zone of the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur when a lithospheric plate is subducted, named in honor of seismologist

major components of convergent plate boundaries

three types of convergent plate boundaries

this is known as the constructive plate boundary

it occurs when two plates move apart from each other

this plate is characterized by tensional stresses that normally produce long rift zones, normal faults, and basic volcanism

it is known as the conservative plate boundary

it occurs when two plates slide horizontally past one another

it neither creates nor destroys a crust

these are generally vertical and parallel to the direction of movement

they are produced by shearing and are closely related to divergent plate boundaries on the ocean floor

occur in the ocean floor

when on land

three types of transform plate boundaries

this is a point at which three plate boundaries meet

three types involved in triple junction

how many triple junctions

possible to occur (triple junctions)

does not possible to occur (triple junctions)

GPS

is a radio positioning and time transfer system that provides 3d positioning and navigation services

it is used in geoscience applications such as volcanoes, groundwater, and glacier melting monitoring

This is a method of inverting seismological data to obtain a 3-D image of anomalies in seismic wave velocity within the media they traverse.

Seismic waves differ in their motion due to the density of the platform where it travels.

is a method of heat transfer commonly observed among fluids

Mantle Convection Theory was proposed by ____ in ____

He proposed based on Wegener's observation that as the mantle heats up, its density decreases and rises. As the material cools down, it would sink exhibiting a circling behavior.

The mantle near the core is extremely hot compared to the mantle near the surface

old rocks or