SCIENCE

90問 • 2年前

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this theory states that the earth is compared into a grape that contracted into a raisin do the cooling process that occurred after the big bang (13.77bya)

the raisin theory

the cooling process caused to contraction and pressure to rise and form

mountains

others buckle downward and formed

ocean basins, depressions

this is a stable balance that exist within the earth's crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath

isostasy

proposed isostasy to explain the concept of the contracting earth

Clarence Edward Dutton

the term tectonic is derived from the greek word ___ meaning ___ or ___

tekton, carpenter, builder

scientists have tears tectonic place to describe the of ___ the lithosphere

movement

the earth's crust is divided into a dozen or more large and small solid plates or known as

slabs

tectonic plates are also called

lithospheric plates

the earth consist of ____ and is constantly moving relative ranging from 1 cm to 15 cm every year

asthenosphere

a world atlas

theatrum orbis terrarum

theatrum orbis terrarum was published by ____ on ____

Abraham Ortelius, January 1, 1596

was proposed by german climatologist alfred wegner

continental drift

what is the book of Alfred Wegner

The Origins of Continents and Oceans (1915)

pangaea "____"

all earth

pangaea "all earth existed during the _____ period

permian

he explained that 1,100 ma a supercontinent called ___ existed before pangaea

rodinia

a vast ocean that surrounded pangaea

panthalassa

panthalassa was formed around

356 Ma

Tethys sea

251 - 65.5 Ma

there are ___ crustal plates

also predicted that in ____, the seven continents will realign reforming the historical pangea

200-300 my

2 types of lithospheric plates

continental lithosphere, oceanic crust

is the solid part associated with the continental crust

continental lithosphere

make up the oceanic crust

heavier basalt, gabbro rocks

it is the younger crust about 7 km thick

oceanic crust

Galileo Galilei theory

heliocentric theory

Claudius Ptolemy theory

geocentric theory

discovery of magnetic reversals

1950s

EVIDENCE OF PLATE TECTONICS

paleontological evidence, evidence of glaciation, evidence from structure and rock types, evidence from paleoclimate

he used identical plant fossils discovered in coal beds in europe and us

antonio snider pellegrini

all continents were once connected during the

Pennsylvanian period

when was the Pennsylvanian period

314 - 280 ma

an australian scientist describe how plants in late paleozoic coal beds in india, Australia, south Africa and South America were all similar

Eduard suess

is an interval of time within the ice age that is mark by colder temperatures and glacial advantage

glaciation or glacial period

this evidence green credibility when scientist discovered great called deposits in antarctica that improve that fauna and flora have abundantly dominated the area

evidence of glaciation/ glaciation or glacial period

western africa and south america eastern coast lines perfectly fit together

evidence from structure and rock types

are good evidence for the breakup of pangaea where several deep lakes are present in the area

rift valleys

two plates meet in a triple junction where the ___meets the ____ forming the afar triangle

red sea, gulf of aden

is the study of the extended climatic conditions of past geologic conditions

paleoclimatology

glacial till and striations indicate

polar climate

dunes and coral reefs represent

desert, tropical climates

is a technique used by scientists to determine the fossil record

carbon dating

is the study of ancient magnetic fields

paleomagnetism

study of fossils

paleontology

using a _____, scientist can determine the direction of the magnetic poles and the magnetic latitude at the time the rock was formed

magnetometer

seafloor spreading theory was proposed by ____ an american geologist in the ____

Harry Hess, 1960s

coined the term seafloor spreading

Robert S. Diez, 1961

propose that the new oceanic crust spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt like motion

Harry Hess

the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwardsz pushing older crust away from the ridge

seafloor spreading

a deep canal in the ocean floor

trench

SONAR means

Sound Navigation and Ranging

which uses longitudinal waves to find and identify objects in the water. (depth of the water)

SONAR

is the region between an oceanic trench and associated volcanic arc found in the convergent margins

forearc

is the line that separates two tectonic plates

boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES

convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, transform boundaries

this is known as the destructive plate boundary

convergent (colliding) boundaries

are the areas where tectonic plates dive beneath other plates into the earth's interior

subduction zones

it occurs when two plates push against each other

convergent (colliding) boundaries

100 km before subducting plate heats up

depth of earthquakes

a zone of the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur when a lithospheric plate is subducted, named in honor of seismologist

kiyoo wadati, hugo benioff

major components of convergent plate boundaries

trench, forearc basin, volcanic arc, mohorovicic discontinuity, mantle, asthenosphere, crust

three types of convergent plate boundaries

oceanic-to-continental convergence, oceanic-to-oceanic convergence, continental-to-continental convergence

this is known as the constructive plate boundary

divergent (spreading) boundaries

it occurs when two plates move apart from each other

divergent (spreading) boundaries

this plate is characterized by tensional stresses that normally produce long rift zones, normal faults, and basic volcanism

divergent (spreading) boundaries

it is known as the conservative plate boundary