how many human chromosomes comprise a chemical substance called "DNA" "Deoxyribonucleic Acid"

each nucleotide contains three different components

one phosphorus with 4 oxygen

five carbon sugar

a nitrogen-containing base

nucleic acids

is a large molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

the building blocks of nucleic acids

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

one of the three major macromolecules (along with the DNA and proteins) that are essential for all known forms of life.

made a contribution to studying and analyzing the DNA of many different living things.

He found out that the DNA of all organisms had the same bases but the proportions differs from organism to another organism.

is the sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Certain ____ signal the start or end of translation.

When the DNA is copied during cell cycle, the process is called

cell cycle

Enzymes and other proteins are responsible for the process of replication.

An enzyme begins the process by unzipping the double helix to separate the strands of DNA.

(group of enzymes) is responsible to bond the new nucleotide together.

When the complete process is done, it formed two complete molecules of DNA, each exactly the same as the original double strand.

takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the nucleus of eukaryotes.

is the most structurally varied molecule in which the human body contains at least 10, 000 different kinds of proteins.

that occur in the body are large, complex molecules composed mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen.

are an essential part structure of cells.

are the building blocks of protein, which are made up of long chains of chemical units.

there are __ different amino acids

regulate many physiological processes like insulin, which affects glucose transport into cells.

in the blood help as a blood clotting factor and transport molecule. For instance, hemoglobin.

acts as ion channels, carriers, and receptor molecules in the cell membrane.

3 kinds of RNA in protein synthesis

is a type of molecule of RNA that travels from the nucleus of the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the information in the copy is used for a protein product.

is the RNA component of the ribosome and a cell's protein factories in all living cells.

It provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacting with RNA.

is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 - 93 nucleotides in length that brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.

processes of producing protein from DNA

DNA must be transported to the ribosome in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place.

The ____ process occurs when the nucleotide sequence along the DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA.

The RNA polymerase is responsible for the alignment and binding together of the ribonucleotides that will create the RNA molecule.

In molecular biology and genetics, ____ is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.

the process by which DNA is copied to RNA

RNA is used to produce proteins

is the permanent change in a genetic material

These are factors that can cause mutation such as exposure to ionizing radiations, carcinogens, or infections like bacteria and viruses.

Mutation in the body or non- reproductive cells is called

is an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA that makes up a gene.

It refers to changes in the number of sets of chromosomes (ploidy) and changes in the number of individual chromosomes (somy) and their appearance.

5 chromosomal mutation

is a genetic material added from another chromosome.

happens when part of a chromosome breaks off and is combined to another chromosome.

This type of disorder is due to chromosomal level-mutation.

happens when there is a loss of part of a chromosome.

happens if there are extra copies of a part of a chromosome.

happens when the direction of a part of a chromosome is reversed.

genetic disorders

happen when a child.receives two defective genes from each parent.

are more common in men because they have only one X chromosome, so all defective genes on the chromosome will be expressed. For instance, blindness and hemophilia.