means to look and examine “again”

means searching for knowledge. It is defined as the careful study that is done to find and report new knowledge about something.

It also pertains to the systematic application of the scientific inquiry in order to find solutions to problems and contribute to knowledge.

importance of research

The results of research are used as springboard in conducting more researches or planning new projects.

The major breakthroughs in the field of communication, transportation, medicine, entertainment and food nutrition are all possible because of researches conducted.

Research can help us better understand our current society and the behavior of the people and also to trace history in order to provide solutions to the pervading problems of our current society.

Research challenges us to become better individuals through new ideas, perspectives and skills that we can get from the studies. Through this, you can gain more knowledge, widen your perspective and advance to more challenging and exciting world of learning.

characteristics of research

It uses facts and data that are obtained through a thorough investigation.

The research carefully analyzes and interprets the gathered data before arriving at a conclusion.

It follows a certain method or procedure in order to obtain objective results.

It begins with a problem and ends with a resolution.

Any research output is a product of novel ideas and shows originality.

processes of research

Select a topic within the parameters set by the assignment.

Select a topic of personal interest to you and learn more about it. The research for and writing of a paper will be more enjoyable if you are writing about something that you find interesting.

Select a topic for which you can find a manageable amount of information. Do a preliminary search of information sources to determine whether existing sources will meet your needs. If you find too much information, you may need to narrow your topic; if you find too little, you may need to broaden your topic.

Once you have identified your topic, it may help to state it as a question. For example, if you are interested in finding out about the epidemic of obesity, you might pose the question "What are the causes of obesity?" By posing your subject as a question you can more easily identify the main concepts or keywords to be used in your research.

Your problem statement is a statement that describes what is to be tested during the entire research process or the general problem or question that the research aims to answer.

is a statement that describes what is to be tested during the entire research process or the general problem or question that the research aims to answer.

Start by writing down all the relevant information you have gathered in line with your research topic. Then logically organized your outline.

It minimizes the time and effort you will be putting on your paper. This will serve as your guide in setting out your objectives and priorities.

You must check the quality and credibility of the sources you will use in the study.

Check the contents of your paper. Make sure that the contents are in line with your chosen topic and problem statement.

Documentation of sources is important in any research for it shows the credibility of the writer. This shows whether the ideas or information are taken from another source or from the author himself/ herself.

In writing your paper, cite your sources. Failure to do this could result in PLAGIARISM

Promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. Do not fabricate, falsify or misrepresent research data. Promote the truth and minimize the errors.

Promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. Copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review are designed.

Most researchers want to receive credit for their contribution and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

Uphold accountability to the public. Refrain from misconduct, conflicts of interests, respect human subjects and animal care and use.

Promote a variety of other important moral and social values such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety.

ethical norms in research

This means that you need to report your research honestly, and that this applies to your methods (what you did), your data, your results, and whether you have previously published any of it.

You should not make up any data, including extrapolating unreasonably from some of your results, or do anything which could be construed as trying to mislead anyone.

It is better to undersell than over-exaggerate your findings. When working with others, you should always keep to any agreements, and act sincerely.

You should aim to avoid bias in any aspect of your research, including design, data analysis, interpretation, and peer review.

For example, you should never recommend as a peer reviewer someone you know, or who you have worked with, and you should try to ensure that no groups are inadvertently excluded from your research.

This also means that you need to disclose any personal or financial interests that may affect your research.

Take care in carrying out your research to avoid careless mistakes. You should also review your work carefully and critically to ensure that your results are credible.

It is also important to keep full records of your research. If you are asked to act as a peer reviewer, you should take the time to do the job effectively and fully.

You should always be prepared to share your data and results, along with any new tools that you have developed, when you publish your findings, as this helps to further knowledge and advance science. You should also be open to criticism and new ideas.

You should never plagiarize, or copy, other people’s work and try to pass it off as your own. You should always ask for permission before using other people’s tools or methods, unpublished data or results. Not doing so is plagiarism.

Obviously, you need to respect copyrights and patents, together with other forms of intellectual property, and always acknowledge contributions to your research. If in doubt, acknowledge, to avoid any risk of plagiarism.

You should respect anything that has been provided in confidence. You should also follow guidelines on protection of sensitive information such as patient records.

You should publish to advance to state of research and knowledge, and not just to advance your career. This means, in essence, that you should not publish anything that is not new, or that duplicates someone else’s work.

You should always be aware of laws and regulations that govern your work, and be sure that you conform to them.

If you are using animals in your research, you should always be sure that your experiments are both necessary and well-designed. You should also show respect for the animals you are using, and make sure that they are properly cared for.

If your research involves people, you should make sure that you reduce any possible harm to the minimum, and maximize the benefits both to participants and other people.

This means, for example, that you should not expose people to more tests than are strictly necessary to fulfill your research aims. You should always respect human rights, including the right to privacy and autonomy.

You may need to take particular care with vulnerable groups, which include, but are not limited to, children, older people, and those with learning difficulties.

guidelines in choosing your topic