211 exam 3 ch 26

127問 • 1年前

eiren

通報

問題一覧

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

Na+

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

K+

The majority of the fluid in the body is the

Intracellular fluid

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

Increase in blood pressure

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in both cells and tissues?

Hypotonic hydration

The role of ADH is to ___

Increase water reabsorption

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

Increased Na+ reabsorption

How does the respiratory system decrease an acidosis?

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is exhaled

In respiratory acidosis the kidney does which of the following?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following?

Metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

Metabolic alkalosis

Who are the most dehydrated?

Elderly

Which statement is true?

Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water

Total water content ___ throughout life

Declines

Females have higher water content depending on their menstrual cycle

True

Extracellular fluid consists of

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Where does interstitial fluid come from?

Blood

What is the universal solvent in the body?

Water

Nonelectrolytes are ___

Chemical compounds that have bonds to prevent dissociation

Examples of electrolytes include

Inorganic salts, acids, bases, and some proteins

Electrolytes have ___ osmotic power than nonelectrolytes

Greater

Increased ECF osmolality (more solutes, less water) means

Water leaves the cell; the cell crenates

Decreased osmolality (less solutes, more water) means

Water enters the cell; the cell lyses

What regulates the continuous exchange and mixing of fluids at the capillaries?

Osmotic pressures and hydrostatic pressures

Thirst is stimulated by

An increase in osmolality

An increase in osmolality causes the release of which hormone?

ADH to conserve water

ADH release is inhibited when

Plasma osmolality decreases to excrete more diluted urine

Thirst mechanism is governed by

The hypothalamic thirst center

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated by

Dry mouth, decreased BP or volume, increased plasma osmolarity

Water reabsorption in collecting ducts is ___ to ADH release

Proportional

Decreased ADH results in

Dilute urine and decreased volume of body fluids

Increased ADH results in

Concentrated urine/ reabsorption of water and increased volume of bodily fluids

Dehydration means

The body is in negative fluid balance

Negative fluid balance is caused by ___ in blood volume and pressure

Decrease

Negative fluid balance is caused by ___ in blood osmolality

Increase

Prolonged dehydration can lead to hypovolemic shock

True

Negative fluid balance in the body means

ECF water loss exceeds water intake

Ingesting too much water too quickly leads to water intoxication

True

Water intoxication can be caused by renal insufficiency

True

What is hyponatremia?

Excess water in the cell (lyse)

How is water intoxication treated?

Hypertonic saline

What is edema?

Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid (tissue swelling)

What causes edema?

Increased flow of fluids out of the bloodstream (filtration)

Increased blood pressure accelerates filtration

True

What causes hypoproteinemia

Malnutrition, liver disease, glomerulonephritis

What is hypernatremia?

Elevated Na+ levels

What is hyponatremia?

Low Na+ levels

Aldosterone ___ urinary output

Decreases

Aldosterone decreases urinary output by ___ of remaining Na+ in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Active reabsorption

Aldosterone release is mediated by the ___

Juxtaglomerular complex

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

Decrease blood pressure and blood volume

The heart is very sensitive to

K+ levels

Hyperkalemia is

Too much K+

Aldosterone hyposecretion can cause

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia affects the heart negatively because it ___

Can't contract

Muscle tetany can be caused by

Hypocalcemia

Calcium balance is controlled by the ___

Parathyroid hormone

Normal pH of arterial blood is ___

7.4

Alkalosis is when arterial blood pH ___

Rises above 7.45

Acidosis is when arterial blood pH

Drops below 7.35

Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces ___

Lactic acid

Most hydrogen ions (H+) originate from ___

Cellular metabolism

Chemical buffer systems

Act within seconds

The most potent acid-base balance mechanism is ___

Renal mechanisms

Strong acids dissociate ___ in water

Completely

The chemical buffer is a

System of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes

The bicarbonate buffer system buffers

Both the ICF and ECF

Respiratory acidosis is

Too much CO2 in the blood

Hyperventilation can help respiratory acidosis because

Carbon dioxide is expelled, reducing H+ concentration

Any type of waste is dealt with by the kidneys

True

Kidneys regulate blood levels of alkaline substances

True

All imbalances are classed as either

Respiratory or metabolic

Respiratory acidosis is caused by failure of

Respiratory system to perform pH balancing role

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis is indicated by

Abnormal HCO3- levels

What is the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid?

Potassium

What affects a cell's resting membrane potential?

Potassium and sodium ion concentration

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis include

All abnormalities other than those caused by carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Ingestion of too much alcohol is a common cause of ___

Metabolic acidosis

Drinking too much alcohol causes metabolic acidosis because alcohol is metabolized to

Acetic acid

Laxative overuse can result in

Metabolic acidosis

Exercise can lead to metabolic acidosis due to

Accumulation of lactic acid

Metabolic alkalosis occurs often

False

Metabolic alkalosis is indicated by

A rise in blood pH

While not common, metabolic alkalosis can occur due to

Vomiting

Constipation can lead to metabolic alkalosis due to

Excessive bicarbonate being reabsorped

The absolute blood pH limits for life are between

6.8 and 7.8

A blood pH below 6.8 leads to a coma and death due to

The central nervous system depresses

A blood pH above 7.8 overexcites the nervous system and causes death because of

Muscle tetany, nervousness, convulsions and respiratory arrest

Kidneys will attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances by

Adjusting bicarbonate levels

In old age, total body water decreases

True

Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body?

Ingesting bicarbonate

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to;

A drop in blood pH

For bulk flow across capillary walls, ___

Hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments (ICF and ECF) ___

Is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Which of the following statements is true regarding grid shifts?

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts

What component in body fluids adds to the fluids' electrical conductivity?

Sodium

Where are signs of change in osmolality stomach stretch, and thirst monitored?

The hypothalamus

What is osmolality?

A measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in blood or urine

If extracellular fluid osmolality becomes too high what hormone would most likely be released?

ADH

100

What does high osmolality in the ECF indicate?

A drop in blood pressure and loss of fluid volume

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Ch 1

Ch 1

Mini practical

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 7

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Chapter l

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2

Chapter 4

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Mini practical 2

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Skills 8

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Chapter 6 Microbial Growth

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Skills 7

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Skills 5

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Skills 4

Skills 4

Skills 6

Skills 6

Chapter 9

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 11

Chapter 13

Chapter 13

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問題一覧

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

Na+

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

K+

The majority of the fluid in the body is the

Intracellular fluid

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

Increase in blood pressure

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in both cells and tissues?

Hypotonic hydration

The role of ADH is to ___

Increase water reabsorption

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

Increased Na+ reabsorption

How does the respiratory system decrease an acidosis?

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is exhaled

In respiratory acidosis the kidney does which of the following?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following?

Metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

Metabolic alkalosis

Who are the most dehydrated?

Elderly

Which statement is true?

Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water

Total water content ___ throughout life

Declines

Females have higher water content depending on their menstrual cycle

True

Extracellular fluid consists of

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Where does interstitial fluid come from?

Blood

What is the universal solvent in the body?

Water

Nonelectrolytes are ___

Chemical compounds that have bonds to prevent dissociation

Examples of electrolytes include

Inorganic salts, acids, bases, and some proteins

Electrolytes have ___ osmotic power than nonelectrolytes

Greater

Increased ECF osmolality (more solutes, less water) means

Water leaves the cell; the cell crenates

Decreased osmolality (less solutes, more water) means

Water enters the cell; the cell lyses

What regulates the continuous exchange and mixing of fluids at the capillaries?

Osmotic pressures and hydrostatic pressures

Thirst is stimulated by

An increase in osmolality

An increase in osmolality causes the release of which hormone?

ADH to conserve water

ADH release is inhibited when

Plasma osmolality decreases to excrete more diluted urine

Thirst mechanism is governed by

The hypothalamic thirst center

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated by

Dry mouth, decreased BP or volume, increased plasma osmolarity

Water reabsorption in collecting ducts is ___ to ADH release

Proportional

Decreased ADH results in

Dilute urine and decreased volume of body fluids

Increased ADH results in

Concentrated urine/ reabsorption of water and increased volume of bodily fluids

Dehydration means

The body is in negative fluid balance

Negative fluid balance is caused by ___ in blood volume and pressure

Decrease

Negative fluid balance is caused by ___ in blood osmolality

Increase

Prolonged dehydration can lead to hypovolemic shock

True

Negative fluid balance in the body means

ECF water loss exceeds water intake

Ingesting too much water too quickly leads to water intoxication

True

Water intoxication can be caused by renal insufficiency

True

What is hyponatremia?

Excess water in the cell (lyse)

How is water intoxication treated?

Hypertonic saline

What is edema?

Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid (tissue swelling)

What causes edema?

Increased flow of fluids out of the bloodstream (filtration)

Increased blood pressure accelerates filtration

True

What causes hypoproteinemia

Malnutrition, liver disease, glomerulonephritis

What is hypernatremia?

Elevated Na+ levels

What is hyponatremia?

Low Na+ levels

Aldosterone ___ urinary output

Decreases

Aldosterone decreases urinary output by ___ of remaining Na+ in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Active reabsorption

Aldosterone release is mediated by the ___

Juxtaglomerular complex

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

Decrease blood pressure and blood volume

The heart is very sensitive to

K+ levels

Hyperkalemia is

Too much K+

Aldosterone hyposecretion can cause

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia affects the heart negatively because it ___

Can't contract

Muscle tetany can be caused by

Hypocalcemia

Calcium balance is controlled by the ___

Parathyroid hormone

Normal pH of arterial blood is ___

7.4

Alkalosis is when arterial blood pH ___

Rises above 7.45

Acidosis is when arterial blood pH

Drops below 7.35

Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces ___

Lactic acid

Most hydrogen ions (H+) originate from ___

Cellular metabolism

Chemical buffer systems

Act within seconds

The most potent acid-base balance mechanism is ___

Renal mechanisms

Strong acids dissociate ___ in water

Completely

The chemical buffer is a

System of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes

The bicarbonate buffer system buffers

Both the ICF and ECF

Respiratory acidosis is

Too much CO2 in the blood

Hyperventilation can help respiratory acidosis because

Carbon dioxide is expelled, reducing H+ concentration

Any type of waste is dealt with by the kidneys

True

Kidneys regulate blood levels of alkaline substances

True

All imbalances are classed as either

Respiratory or metabolic

Respiratory acidosis is caused by failure of

Respiratory system to perform pH balancing role

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis is indicated by

Abnormal HCO3- levels

What is the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid?

Potassium

What affects a cell's resting membrane potential?

Potassium and sodium ion concentration

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis include

All abnormalities other than those caused by carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Ingestion of too much alcohol is a common cause of ___

Metabolic acidosis

Drinking too much alcohol causes metabolic acidosis because alcohol is metabolized to

Acetic acid

Laxative overuse can result in

Metabolic acidosis

Exercise can lead to metabolic acidosis due to

Accumulation of lactic acid

Metabolic alkalosis occurs often

False

Metabolic alkalosis is indicated by

A rise in blood pH

While not common, metabolic alkalosis can occur due to

Vomiting

Constipation can lead to metabolic alkalosis due to

Excessive bicarbonate being reabsorped

The absolute blood pH limits for life are between

6.8 and 7.8

A blood pH below 6.8 leads to a coma and death due to

The central nervous system depresses

A blood pH above 7.8 overexcites the nervous system and causes death because of

Muscle tetany, nervousness, convulsions and respiratory arrest

Kidneys will attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances by

Adjusting bicarbonate levels

In old age, total body water decreases

True

Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body?

Ingesting bicarbonate

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to;

A drop in blood pH

For bulk flow across capillary walls, ___

Hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments (ICF and ECF) ___

Is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Which of the following statements is true regarding grid shifts?

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts

What component in body fluids adds to the fluids' electrical conductivity?

Sodium

Where are signs of change in osmolality stomach stretch, and thirst monitored?

The hypothalamus

What is osmolality?

A measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in blood or urine

If extracellular fluid osmolality becomes too high what hormone would most likely be released?

ADH

100

What does high osmolality in the ECF indicate?

A drop in blood pressure and loss of fluid volume