211 exam 2 ch19 part 1

127問 • 1年前

eiren

通報

問題一覧

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues

What do capillaries do?

Directly serve cellular needs

What do veins do?

Carry blood back to the heart

What do all vessels consist of?

A lumen

What are capillaries composed of?

Endothelium

The tunica intimate is an endothelial layer that is continuous with the endothelium of the

Heart

The tunica intimate is a slick inner layer that repels

Blood cells and platelets

The tunica media is regulated by the

Sympathetic nervous system

The tunica media plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and circulation because

It controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels

What is the tunica external composed of?

Mostly loose collagen fibers

What are the elastic arteries?

Aorta, common carotid arteries, pulmonary trunk

What is the role of muscular arteries?

Deliver blood to body organs

What do arterioles control?

Blood flow into capillary beds

What does blood flow vary in response to?

Neural, hormonal, and local chemical influences

Where are continuous capillaries found?

Skin, muscles, lungs and CNS

What type of capillaries contain astrocytes?

Continuous capillaries

What do fenestrated capillaries have a lot of?

Pores

Why do fenestrated capillaries have greater permeability than continuous capillaries?

They are more porous

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Small intestines, kidneys, endocrine glands

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries

What is unique about sinusoidal capillaries

They allow large molecules to pass through

Intestinal mesenteries beds consist of 2 types of pathways :

Vascular shunts and true capillaries

What is a vascular shunt?

A metarteriole → directly connects an arteriole with a venule

Describe precapillary sphincters

Cuff of smooth muscle at metarterioles that regulate blood flow

When are venules formed?

When capillary beds unite

What is blood viscosity?

Thickness of the blood

Does anemia increase or decrease blood viscosity?

Decrease

Does dehydration increase or decrease blood viscosity

Increase

Does longer blood vessel length increase or decrease resistance?

Increase

What 1s the greatest influence on resistance in blood vessels?

Diameter

Blood flow is directly proportional to:

Difference in blood pressure

Blood flow is inversely proportional to :

Peripheral resistance

What is more important in influencing local blood flow?

Peripheral resistance

Blood flow moves from

Higher pressure to lower pressure

The steepest change in blood pressure occurs in the

Arterioles

Systemic blood pressure is highest in the

Aorta

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

Aneurysms can result from

Prolonged hypertension

What is hypotension

Low blood pressure

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Temporary low BP from suddenly sitting or standing

Low capillary BP is desirable because

Capillaries are thin walled and fragile

A low BP is sufficient to filtrate out nutrients, gases, and hormones from capillaries to blood and tissues

True

Gravity from the head aids in venous return

True

What is the muscular pump?

The contraction of skeletal muscles pushing blood back toward the heart

What is the respiratory pump?

Pressure changes created during breathing that suck blood toward the heart

Sympathetic venoconstriction pushes blood

Towards the heart

During stress, the cardioaccelatory center increases heart rate and stroke volume via

Sympathetic stimulation

Resting heart rate is controlled by

The cardioinhibitory center

Resting heart rate is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the

Parasympathetic vagus nerves

Short term BP regulation is controlled by

The nervous system and hormones

Long term BP regulation is controlled by

Renal mechanisms and hormones

Hormones control long and short term BP regulation

True

The nervous system and hormones counteract immediate fluctuations in BP via

Peripheral resistance and cardiac output

Long term BP regulation can be done by controlling

Blood volume

Neural controls operate via

Reflex arcs

What is the vasomotor center?

Clusters of sympathetic neurons found in the medulla oblongata

What does the vasomotor center do?

Oversees changes in blood vessel diameter

What are baroreceptors?

Stretch receptors monitoring changes in blood pressure

Where are barorecptors located?

Internal carotid arteries, aortic arch, large arteries of neck and thorax

When increased blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors the vasomotor center is

Inhibited ; vasodilation → decreased peripheral resistance

When increased blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors the cardioinhibitory center is

Stimulated ; decreased HR, contractility and cardiac output

When declining BP stimulates the baroreceptors the vasomotor center is

Stimulated ; vasoconstriction → increases peripheral resistance

When declining BP stimulates the barorecptors the cardioaccelatory center is

Stimulated ; increased HR → increases cardiac output

Where are chemoreceptors located?

Carotid arteries, aortic arch and large neck arteries

What are chemoreceptor reflexes sensitive to?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH

What is the primary role of chemoreceptors

Adjust respiration

Which higher brain centers do the cardiac and vasomotor centers receive input from?

Cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

How do hormonal controls regulate BP short term

Changing peripheral resistance and cardiac output

How do hormonal controls regulate BP long term

Regulating blood volume

What are the adrenal medulla hormones?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

Promotes Na+ retention

What does antidioretic hormone (adh) do?

Stimulates kidneys to conserve water

What does angiotensin ll do short term?

Kidneys release renin and causes vasoconstriction

What does angiotensin ll do long term?

Causes release of aldosterone and ADH

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) do?

Increases Na+ excretion → blood volume and BP decline long term

How does alcohol affect BP

Decreases BP by inhibiting ADH

Angiotensin ll is a potent

Vasoconstrictor

Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to

Eliminate water → reduces BP

Water retention increases BP because

It increases blood volume

If BP is too low perfusion is inadequate

True

If BP is too high you can have a stroke

True

What is tissue perfusion?

Blood flow through body tissues

Tissue perfusion in the cells includes

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes

Tissue perfusion in the lungs involves

Gas exchange

Tissue perfusion in the digestive tract includes

Absorption of nutrients

Tissue perfusion in the kidneys involves

Urine formation

Rate of blood flow is controlled by what factors?

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Blood pressure is maintained by extrinsic control via

The SNS and hormones causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Blood flow is controlled by intrinsic control via

Autoregulation

Short term intrinsic control autoregulation consists of

Metabolic and myogenic controls

Metabolic control is

The vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

Metabolic control happens in response to

Declining tissue oxygen and nutrients

Nitric oxide is a

Vasodilator

Myogenic responses occur to

Keep perfusion constant

Why is constant perfusion important?

To avoid damage to tissue

Vascular muscle responds directly to

High arterial pressure and inadequate blood perfusion

Long term auto regulation occurs when

Short term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

Angiogenesis is

Number of blood vessels increasing and growing around obstructions

Exercise can initiate angiogenesis

True

100

Velocity of blood flow is proportional to the cross sectional area

Inversely

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Ch 1

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Mini practical

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 7

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Chapter l

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 4

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Mini practical 2

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Skills 8

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Skills 7

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Skills 6

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Chapter 9

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

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Chapter 11

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Chapter 13

Chapter 13

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問題一覧

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues

What do capillaries do?

Directly serve cellular needs

What do veins do?

Carry blood back to the heart

What do all vessels consist of?

A lumen

What are capillaries composed of?

Endothelium

The tunica intimate is an endothelial layer that is continuous with the endothelium of the

Heart

The tunica intimate is a slick inner layer that repels

Blood cells and platelets

The tunica media is regulated by the

Sympathetic nervous system

The tunica media plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and circulation because

It controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels

What is the tunica external composed of?

Mostly loose collagen fibers

What are the elastic arteries?

Aorta, common carotid arteries, pulmonary trunk

What is the role of muscular arteries?

Deliver blood to body organs

What do arterioles control?

Blood flow into capillary beds

What does blood flow vary in response to?

Neural, hormonal, and local chemical influences

Where are continuous capillaries found?

Skin, muscles, lungs and CNS

What type of capillaries contain astrocytes?

Continuous capillaries

What do fenestrated capillaries have a lot of?

Pores

Why do fenestrated capillaries have greater permeability than continuous capillaries?

They are more porous

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Small intestines, kidneys, endocrine glands

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries

What is unique about sinusoidal capillaries

They allow large molecules to pass through

Intestinal mesenteries beds consist of 2 types of pathways :

Vascular shunts and true capillaries

What is a vascular shunt?

A metarteriole → directly connects an arteriole with a venule

Describe precapillary sphincters

Cuff of smooth muscle at metarterioles that regulate blood flow

When are venules formed?

When capillary beds unite

What is blood viscosity?

Thickness of the blood

Does anemia increase or decrease blood viscosity?

Decrease

Does dehydration increase or decrease blood viscosity

Increase

Does longer blood vessel length increase or decrease resistance?

Increase

What 1s the greatest influence on resistance in blood vessels?

Diameter

Blood flow is directly proportional to:

Difference in blood pressure

Blood flow is inversely proportional to :

Peripheral resistance

What is more important in influencing local blood flow?

Peripheral resistance

Blood flow moves from

Higher pressure to lower pressure

The steepest change in blood pressure occurs in the

Arterioles

Systemic blood pressure is highest in the

Aorta

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

Aneurysms can result from

Prolonged hypertension

What is hypotension

Low blood pressure

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Temporary low BP from suddenly sitting or standing

Low capillary BP is desirable because

Capillaries are thin walled and fragile

A low BP is sufficient to filtrate out nutrients, gases, and hormones from capillaries to blood and tissues

True

Gravity from the head aids in venous return

True

What is the muscular pump?

The contraction of skeletal muscles pushing blood back toward the heart

What is the respiratory pump?

Pressure changes created during breathing that suck blood toward the heart

Sympathetic venoconstriction pushes blood

Towards the heart

During stress, the cardioaccelatory center increases heart rate and stroke volume via

Sympathetic stimulation

Resting heart rate is controlled by

The cardioinhibitory center

Resting heart rate is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the

Parasympathetic vagus nerves

Short term BP regulation is controlled by

The nervous system and hormones

Long term BP regulation is controlled by

Renal mechanisms and hormones

Hormones control long and short term BP regulation

True

The nervous system and hormones counteract immediate fluctuations in BP via

Peripheral resistance and cardiac output

Long term BP regulation can be done by controlling

Blood volume

Neural controls operate via

Reflex arcs

What is the vasomotor center?

Clusters of sympathetic neurons found in the medulla oblongata

What does the vasomotor center do?

Oversees changes in blood vessel diameter

What are baroreceptors?

Stretch receptors monitoring changes in blood pressure

Where are barorecptors located?

Internal carotid arteries, aortic arch, large arteries of neck and thorax

When increased blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors the vasomotor center is

Inhibited ; vasodilation → decreased peripheral resistance

When increased blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors the cardioinhibitory center is

Stimulated ; decreased HR, contractility and cardiac output

When declining BP stimulates the baroreceptors the vasomotor center is

Stimulated ; vasoconstriction → increases peripheral resistance

When declining BP stimulates the barorecptors the cardioaccelatory center is

Stimulated ; increased HR → increases cardiac output

Where are chemoreceptors located?

Carotid arteries, aortic arch and large neck arteries

What are chemoreceptor reflexes sensitive to?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH

What is the primary role of chemoreceptors

Adjust respiration

Which higher brain centers do the cardiac and vasomotor centers receive input from?

Cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

How do hormonal controls regulate BP short term

Changing peripheral resistance and cardiac output

How do hormonal controls regulate BP long term

Regulating blood volume

What are the adrenal medulla hormones?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

Promotes Na+ retention

What does antidioretic hormone (adh) do?

Stimulates kidneys to conserve water

What does angiotensin ll do short term?

Kidneys release renin and causes vasoconstriction

What does angiotensin ll do long term?

Causes release of aldosterone and ADH

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) do?

Increases Na+ excretion → blood volume and BP decline long term

How does alcohol affect BP

Decreases BP by inhibiting ADH

Angiotensin ll is a potent

Vasoconstrictor

Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to

Eliminate water → reduces BP

Water retention increases BP because

It increases blood volume

If BP is too low perfusion is inadequate

True

If BP is too high you can have a stroke

True

What is tissue perfusion?

Blood flow through body tissues

Tissue perfusion in the cells includes

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes

Tissue perfusion in the lungs involves

Gas exchange

Tissue perfusion in the digestive tract includes

Absorption of nutrients

Tissue perfusion in the kidneys involves

Urine formation

Rate of blood flow is controlled by what factors?

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Blood pressure is maintained by extrinsic control via

The SNS and hormones causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Blood flow is controlled by intrinsic control via

Autoregulation

Short term intrinsic control autoregulation consists of

Metabolic and myogenic controls

Metabolic control is

The vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

Metabolic control happens in response to

Declining tissue oxygen and nutrients

Nitric oxide is a

Vasodilator

Myogenic responses occur to

Keep perfusion constant

Why is constant perfusion important?

To avoid damage to tissue

Vascular muscle responds directly to

High arterial pressure and inadequate blood perfusion

Long term auto regulation occurs when

Short term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

Angiogenesis is

Number of blood vessels increasing and growing around obstructions

Exercise can initiate angiogenesis

True

100

Velocity of blood flow is proportional to the cross sectional area

Inversely