211 exam 2 ch22

123問 • 1年前

eiren

通報

問題一覧

The major functions of the respiratory system include

Respiration, olfaction, speech

Respiration includes both the circulatory and respiratory systems

True

Pulmonary ventilation is

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

The conducting zone includes

The nostrils to terminal bronchioles

The site of gas exchange is the

Respiratory zone

The lower respiratory tract includes the

Larynx to lungs

The nose cleans and filters inspired air

True

The nose serves as a resonating chamber for speech

True

The hard palate is made of muscle

False

What filters coarse particles in the nasal cavity?

Vibrissae

What does the respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity do?

Help destroy bacteria

Sensitive nerve endings in the nasal cavity mucosa trigger what reaction?

Sneezing

Nasal meatuses contain

Mucous membranes

Functions of the sinuses include

Lightening the skull and secreting mucus

The nasopharynx is

An air passageway

Where do respiratory and digestive pathways diverge?

The larynx

Voice production occurs in the

Larynx

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What is the superior opening of the larynx?

The glottis

What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

Covers the laryngeal inlet

What type of muscle is the vocal folds controlled by?

Intrinsic muscles

The vestibular folds are controlled by

Extrinsic muscles

What part of the trachea allows for esophagus expansion?

The adventitia

What kind of glands does the submucosa of the trachea have?

Seromucous glands

The trachea is to the esophagus

What marks the end of the trachea?

The carina

What reaction is triggered when a foreign object contacts the carina?

Coughing

Which bronchus is wider and shorter?

The right main bronchi

What ends the conducting zone?

Terminal bronchioles

What type of tissue are alveolar walls?

Single layer squamous epithelium

Alveolar walls permit gas exchange via

Simple diffusion

What enzyme do alveolar walls secrete?

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Lung segments share arteries, veins and bronchus

False

Parasympathetic fibers cause

Bronchoconstriction

Sympathetic fibers cause

Bronchodilation

Inflammation of the pleurae is called

Pleurisy

What is atmospheric pressure?

Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body

Intrapulmonary pressure is

Pressure within the alveoli

Intrapleural pressure is

Pressure within the pleural cavity

Intrapleural pressure is always a positive pressure

False

Intrapleural pressure equaling intrapulmonary pressure or atmospheric pressure will result in

Lung collapse

Collapse of a lung or part of a lung is called

Atelectasis

Atelectasis can occur due to

Necrosis of lung tissue

Pneumonia can cause atelectasis

True

Lung collapse due to deflated air sacs within the lung

Atelectasis

When does pneumothorax occur?

When the thoracic wall is punctured and air is sucked into the intrapleural space

How is pneumothorax corrected?

Closing the puncture and removing air in the intrapleural space

One lung can collapse while the other is fine

True

What is Boyle's law?

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at a constant temperature

Charles’ law is also known as

Law of volumes

What is Charles' law?

Volume of gas directly proportional to its absolute temperature

What is most active in inspiration?

The diaphragm

Which muscles contract during inspiration?

External intercostal muscles

Inspiration is a passive process

False

What muscles are included in addition to the external intercostal muscles during deep inspiration?

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, erector spinal muscles

Quiet expiration is a passive process when inspiratory muscles relax and the ribcage descends due to

Gravity

Quiet expiration is a passive process due to

Elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

Forced expiration is

An active process

Forced expiration is done by

Contracting abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

Three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation include

Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, long compliance

Airway resistance is the relationship between

Flow (f) pressure (P) resistance (R)

Progressive branching of airways as they get smaller leads to

An increase in total cross sectional area

The diameters of the airways in the first part of the conducting zone are

Huge

How does epinephrine affect bronchioles?

Dilates bronchioles and reduces air resistance

Why is bronchoconstriction dangerous?

It prevents life sustaining ventilation

Alveolar surface tension

Increases inspiration and promotes expiration

What is lung compliance?

The ease with which lungs can be expanded

How is lung compliance determined?

Surface tension of alveoli and distensibility of lung tissue

Higher lung compliance means its easier to expand the lungs

True

Increased production of surfactant will diminish lung compliance

False

Scar tissue or fibrosis can occur via

Tuberculosis, black lung disease, byssinosis, emphysema

What is byssinosis caused by?

Cotton dust

Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage diminishes lung compliance

True

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

What is vital capacity?

Total amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

Some air never contributes to gas exchange

True

Two types of dead space

Anatomical and alveolar

Anatomical dead space

Volume of the conducting respiratory passages

Alveolar dead space

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse/obstruction

Total dead space

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces

Alveolar ventilation rate measures

Flow of fresh gases in/out of alveoli in a set time

External respiration is

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

Internal respiration is

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

Both internal and external respiration processes are subject to

Basic properties of gases and composition of alveolar gas

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Why are partial pressures important?

They determine the rate of diffusion of gas between the blood and alveolus

Henry's law states that when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in proportion to its:

Partial pressure and solubility

Which gas is the most soluble?

Carbon dioxide

External respiration involves the exchange of what gases across respiratory membranes?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the advantage of the respiratory membrane being thin?

Efficient gas exchange

What is a characteristic of emphysema

Decreased surface area of respiratory membrane

How is molecular O2 carried in the blood?

Dissolved in plasma, loosely bound to iron on RBC's

What is reduced hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin that has released O2

Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by

A change in shape of hemoglobin

Temperature and blood pH influence hemoglobin saturation

True

How saturated is hemoglobin in arterial blood?

98%

What is hypoxia?

Inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues

Why is hypoxia dangerous?

Causes tissue necrosis

Anemic hypoxia is caused by

RBC count too low

100

Ischemic hypoxia is caused by

Inadequate blood circulation

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問題一覧

The major functions of the respiratory system include

Respiration, olfaction, speech

Respiration includes both the circulatory and respiratory systems

True

Pulmonary ventilation is

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

The conducting zone includes

The nostrils to terminal bronchioles

The site of gas exchange is the

Respiratory zone

The lower respiratory tract includes the

Larynx to lungs

The nose cleans and filters inspired air

True

The nose serves as a resonating chamber for speech

True

The hard palate is made of muscle

False

What filters coarse particles in the nasal cavity?

Vibrissae

What does the respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity do?

Help destroy bacteria

Sensitive nerve endings in the nasal cavity mucosa trigger what reaction?

Sneezing

Nasal meatuses contain

Mucous membranes

Functions of the sinuses include

Lightening the skull and secreting mucus

The nasopharynx is

An air passageway

Where do respiratory and digestive pathways diverge?

The larynx

Voice production occurs in the

Larynx

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What is the superior opening of the larynx?

The glottis

What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

Covers the laryngeal inlet

What type of muscle is the vocal folds controlled by?

Intrinsic muscles

The vestibular folds are controlled by

Extrinsic muscles

What part of the trachea allows for esophagus expansion?

The adventitia

What kind of glands does the submucosa of the trachea have?

Seromucous glands

The trachea is to the esophagus

What marks the end of the trachea?

The carina

What reaction is triggered when a foreign object contacts the carina?

Coughing

Which bronchus is wider and shorter?

The right main bronchi

What ends the conducting zone?

Terminal bronchioles

What type of tissue are alveolar walls?

Single layer squamous epithelium

Alveolar walls permit gas exchange via

Simple diffusion

What enzyme do alveolar walls secrete?

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Lung segments share arteries, veins and bronchus

False

Parasympathetic fibers cause

Bronchoconstriction

Sympathetic fibers cause

Bronchodilation

Inflammation of the pleurae is called

Pleurisy

What is atmospheric pressure?

Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body

Intrapulmonary pressure is

Pressure within the alveoli

Intrapleural pressure is

Pressure within the pleural cavity

Intrapleural pressure is always a positive pressure

False

Intrapleural pressure equaling intrapulmonary pressure or atmospheric pressure will result in

Lung collapse

Collapse of a lung or part of a lung is called

Atelectasis

Atelectasis can occur due to

Necrosis of lung tissue

Pneumonia can cause atelectasis

True

Lung collapse due to deflated air sacs within the lung

Atelectasis

When does pneumothorax occur?

When the thoracic wall is punctured and air is sucked into the intrapleural space

How is pneumothorax corrected?

Closing the puncture and removing air in the intrapleural space

One lung can collapse while the other is fine

True

What is Boyle's law?

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at a constant temperature

Charles’ law is also known as

Law of volumes

What is Charles' law?

Volume of gas directly proportional to its absolute temperature

What is most active in inspiration?

The diaphragm

Which muscles contract during inspiration?

External intercostal muscles

Inspiration is a passive process

False

What muscles are included in addition to the external intercostal muscles during deep inspiration?

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, erector spinal muscles

Quiet expiration is a passive process when inspiratory muscles relax and the ribcage descends due to

Gravity

Quiet expiration is a passive process due to

Elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

Forced expiration is

An active process

Forced expiration is done by

Contracting abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

Three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation include

Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, long compliance

Airway resistance is the relationship between

Flow (f) pressure (P) resistance (R)

Progressive branching of airways as they get smaller leads to

An increase in total cross sectional area

The diameters of the airways in the first part of the conducting zone are

Huge

How does epinephrine affect bronchioles?

Dilates bronchioles and reduces air resistance

Why is bronchoconstriction dangerous?

It prevents life sustaining ventilation

Alveolar surface tension

Increases inspiration and promotes expiration

What is lung compliance?

The ease with which lungs can be expanded

How is lung compliance determined?

Surface tension of alveoli and distensibility of lung tissue

Higher lung compliance means its easier to expand the lungs

True

Increased production of surfactant will diminish lung compliance

False

Scar tissue or fibrosis can occur via

Tuberculosis, black lung disease, byssinosis, emphysema

What is byssinosis caused by?

Cotton dust

Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage diminishes lung compliance

True

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

What is vital capacity?

Total amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

Some air never contributes to gas exchange

True

Two types of dead space

Anatomical and alveolar

Anatomical dead space

Volume of the conducting respiratory passages

Alveolar dead space

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse/obstruction

Total dead space

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces

Alveolar ventilation rate measures

Flow of fresh gases in/out of alveoli in a set time

External respiration is

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

Internal respiration is

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

Both internal and external respiration processes are subject to

Basic properties of gases and composition of alveolar gas

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Why are partial pressures important?

They determine the rate of diffusion of gas between the blood and alveolus

Henry's law states that when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in proportion to its:

Partial pressure and solubility

Which gas is the most soluble?

Carbon dioxide

External respiration involves the exchange of what gases across respiratory membranes?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the advantage of the respiratory membrane being thin?

Efficient gas exchange

What is a characteristic of emphysema

Decreased surface area of respiratory membrane

How is molecular O2 carried in the blood?

Dissolved in plasma, loosely bound to iron on RBC's

What is reduced hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin that has released O2

Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by

A change in shape of hemoglobin

Temperature and blood pH influence hemoglobin saturation

True

How saturated is hemoglobin in arterial blood?

98%

What is hypoxia?

Inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues

Why is hypoxia dangerous?

Causes tissue necrosis

Anemic hypoxia is caused by

RBC count too low

100

Ischemic hypoxia is caused by

Inadequate blood circulation