PR 1

88問 • 1年前

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√ central concept in research √ anything that may assume varies numeric and categorical values √ " changing quialities or characteristics " of person or things like age, gender, intellegence, ideas, achievements, confidence, so on that are ivokve in your research study

variables

Quantitative according to _______&_______() is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods " (in particular statistics)

Aliaga and Gunderson (2000)

It is ideal in studying phenomenon which must content with the problems of measurements

Quantitative Research

This type of research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis

Quantitative research

Allied fields in quantitative research

- Teacher - Business - Medicals nd Health Allied services - Science and Technology

Kinds of Quantitative research

- Descriptive research - Correlational research - Evaluation research - Survey research - Causal Comparative research - Experimental research

Also known as NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Descriptive research

√ This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and component of the population or a phenomenon √ there is no manipulation of variables or search for the cause and effect related to the phenomenon

Descriptive research

It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into casual reason underlying them

Correlational research

This kind of research aims to asses the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or programs

Evaluation research

This kind of research is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population

Survey research

Sub types of Survey research

- Cross sectional - longitudinal

just simple point in time

Cross sectional

Over a period of time

longitudinal

Also known as EX POST FATO (after the fact) RESEARCH

Causal Comparative research

What is EX POST FACTO RESEARCH

After the fact

This kind of research derives conclusion from observation and manifestation that already occured in the past and now compared to some dependent variables

causal comparative research

This utilizes scientific method to test cause and effect relationship under condition controlled by the researcher

Expiremental research

An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variable

experimental research

Kinds of experimental research If based on the where the experimental research is done

- laboratory research - field research

Kinds of experimental research If based on the manner of selecting participants

- true experimental - quasi experimental

A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within a population. It's values can be divided into fractions

Continuous variable

Also known as " CATEGORICAL VARIABLE "

Discrete Variable

Also known as "categorical variable' is any variable that has a limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions

Discrete Variable

Following sections in the " traditional research paper "

1. title page 2. abstract (usually 150 - 250 words) 3. introductions (bg info) 4. methods (procedures used to collect) 5. results (finding concisely) 6. discussion (results) 7. reference (all cited sources)

Commonly used in "scientific research paper"

IMRAD format

IMRAD stands for

I - Introduction M - Methods R - Results D - Discussion

Common elements of Traditional format and ImRad format

- Introduction - Methods - Results - Discussion

Differences of Traditional format and ImRad format

- Structure - Emphasis - Applicability

STRUCTURE Varies across discipline and style

Traditional format

STRUCTURE Specifically structures with four sections

ImRad format

EMPHASIS More flexible, allowing for narrative storytelling and diverse content

Traditional format

EMPHASIS fosused on empirical data, statistical analysis, and experimental approaches

ImRad format

APPLICABILITY used beyond original research articles (reviewd, perspective)

traditional format

APPLICABILITY primarily for original research articles in STEM discipline

ImRad format

Research to be avoided

- Controversial topics - Highly Teachnical Subject - Hard to investigate subject - Too broad subject - too narrow subject - Vague subject

Sources of research topics

- Mass media - Books, internet, peer - General Periodical Like readers Digest - Previous reading assignments - work experience

How to identify potential research topics

- Brainstorm - Consider your interest - Check course materials - consult academic teacher - talk to your instructions - consider current issues - review previous researchers - focus on specific aspect

It provides an overview of existing knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the research.

RRL - Review Related Literature

RRL consist of 3 main components

1. Overview and Critique 2. Comparison 3. Contextualization - help to identify gap

Refers to the principles and guidelines that guide the conduct of studies involving human participants

ETHICAL STANDARD

4 types of Ethical Standard

1. Writing Related Literature 2. Health Related Literature 3. Social Work Ethics research 4. Research Ethics and Integrity

What is RE

Research Ethics

What is RI

Research Integrity

To ensure collaboration between science and society

1. Getting Ethical Approval 2. Scientific Writing Ethics

What is IRB

Institutional Review Board

Seek approval from IRB

researchers

Evaluates research proposal to ensure Ethical compliance and adherence to the institution code of conduct

IRB - institutional Review Board

Avoid plagiarism and uphold patient confidentiality

Scientific Writing Ethics

Principle of Research

- Voluntary Participation - Informed consent - Anonymity - Confidentiality - avoiding harm

Participants choose to take part with coercion

voluntary participation

Participants receive clear information about the study and provide consent

informed consent

Protecting participants identities

Anonymity

Safeguarding sensetive information

Confidentiality

Preventing undue risks or harm

Avoiding harm

Aspects of Ethical standard

- Objectivity - Informed Subjectivity - Purposeful Inclusivity - Communication

maintain impartiality when evaluating literature Approach it without bias and assess its relevance to your research question

Objectivity

Acknowledge your own perspective while remaining transparent

informed subjectivity

Select relevant literature purposefullyx sondidering epistemological orientation and research purpose

purposeful inclusivity

Clearly convey connected understanding to your audience

communication

Purpose of ethical Standards

1. Guidance for behavior 2. long term benefits 3. trust and reputation 4. oreentive warning

Ethical standards provides a framework for individuals and organizations to make decisions based on moral values

guidance for behavior

Adhering to ethical principles benefits both organizations and society in the long run

Long term benefits

A code of ethics builds trust with stakeholders, ensures accountability and demonstrate commitment

trust and reputation

Having code of ethics allows for clear rules and provides a basis for preemptive warning

preemptive warning

Process of RRL and studies

Stage 1: Search for the Literature Stage 2: Reading the sources material Stage 3: Writing the Review

This is the stage of review of related Literature where you devote much of your time in looking for sources of knowledge, data or information to answer your research questions or to support your assumptions about your research topic

Stage 1: Search for the Literature

Reading, understanding or making the materials meaningful to you is what will preoccupy you on the second stage of reading RRL

Stage 2: Reading the source material

You do a great deal of idea connection and organizations in this last stage of RRL to form an overall understanding of the material by PARAPHRASING OR SUMMARIZING THE IT

Stage 3: Writing the Review

Criteria of selecting a RRL and studies

1. relevance 2. Currency 3. Credibility 4. diversity 5. Clarity 6. Accessibility 7. Research Gap 8. Theoterical Framework 9. Methodology Relevance 10. Literature Review Quality

Choose sources directly related to your research topic

relevance

Prioritize recent studies to ensure up to date information

currency

Select reputable sources from scholarly journals or established authors

credibility

Include a variety of perspective and methodologies

diversity

Pick for well written and comprehensible studies

clarity

Ensure you can access the full text of the selected literature

accessibility

Identify studies that addres gaps in existing knowledge

research gap

Look for works aligned with your research framework

theoritical framework

Consider studied using similar research methods

methodological Relevance

Asses the rigor and depth of the literature review in each sources

literature review quality

This mere description, transfer or listening of writers ideas that is devoid of or not reflective of your thinking is called ____

dump or Stringing method

Means every paragraph merely consist of one article

serial abstract

2 types of citation in APA

- Parenthetical citations - In text citations

Include authors and the date of publication with in parenthesis

parenthetical citations

Intertwined the authors as part of the sentence with the date of publication (in parenthesis) following

In text citations

MLA stand for

Modern Language Association

Used in humanities, such as literature, language and cultural studies

MLA

Format in writing RRL and studies 2 common Approaches to literature review are

1. Chronological - ordering from oldest to most 2. Topical - groupings studies by subject or theme

MIL - Part 1

Claire Sadaya · 100問 · 1年前

MIL - Part 1