Calvin Cycle

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Alternative mechanism of carbon

Calvin cycle

Also known as CALVIN BENSON CYCLE / LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

Calvin cycle

It's main purpose is to convert C02 from the atmosphere into carbohydrates/sugar

Calvin cycle

• Occur within the stroma of the chloroplast • Uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to convert the Co2 to carbohydrates

Calvin cycle

3 Phases of the Calvin cycle

1. Carbon Fixation 2. Carbon Reduction 3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

RuBisCo

The incorporation of CO2 molecules, by attaching it one at a time to a five carbon sugar named sibulose Biophosphate (RuBP)

Carbon Fixation

Enzyme involve: Carboxylaseoxygenase or Rubisco

Carbon fixation

Enzyme involve

Carboxylaseoxygenase or Rubisco

Product 2: 2 molecules of 3 phosphoglycerates)(for each co2 fixed)

Carbon Fixation

Carbon fixation product

2 molecules of 3 phosphoglycerates (for each co2 fixed)

Each molecule of 3 phosphoglycerates is energized by an ATP by receiving an additional phosphate + becoming 1,3-biophoshoglycerate

reduction

A pair of electrons are denotes from NADPH that results to the reduction of 1,3 - biophoshoglycerate to get G3P

reduction

The carbon skeleton of five molecules of G3P is rearranged into three molecules of RuBP by spending 3 more molecules of ATP

Regeneration of the CO2 Acceptor

For every molecule of co2 that enters the cycle, the net output is one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate (G3PO, a three carbon sugar)

Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

Carbon fixation

Alternative Mechanism of Carbon Fixation

The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three carbon compound 3 phosphoglycerates

C3 plants

Ex of C3 plants

Rice Wheat Soybeans

Occurs in the light (photo) and consumes 02 while producing C02 (respiration)

C3 plants - Photorespiration

Occurs in the light

photo

Consumes 02 while producing co2

respiration

Preface the Calvin cycle with an alteration mode of carbon fixation that forms a four carbon compound as it's first product

C4 plants

Ex of C4 plants

sugar cane corn members of grass family

Bundle sheath cells and Mesophyll

C4 plants - Distinct anatomy

Where incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds happens

C4 plants - Mesophyll

Are araanged tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf It is where the Calvin cycle happens

Bundle Sheath cells

Cucculemts and grow in dry regions due to excessive heat, the stomach remain closed during the day to reduce transpiration. Their stromata open at night

Cam plants

Five carbon sugar

Ribulose Biophosphate

RuBP

Ribulose Bisphosphate

It is the process of fixing CO2 to an organic compound and reducing it to carbohydrate

Calvin Benson Cycle

RuBP

Ribulose Biphosphate

G3P

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

CAM

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

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