Lesson 1

47問 • 11ヶ月前

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The International Union for the Protection of Nature is founded; it aims to promote a unique partnership of government and nongovernment organizations. It changed its name to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1956.

1948

Harrison Brown publishes The Challenge of Man's Future, it develops themes that decades later would comprise the term "sustainable development. "

1954

publishes The Challenge of Man's Future, it develops themes that decades later would comprise the term "sustainable development. "

Harrison Brown

The World Wildlife Fund, now the World Wide Fund for Nature, was established.

1961

Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, which discusses the interconnections between the environment, the economy, and social well-being.

1962

publishes Silent Spring, which discusses the interconnections between the environment, the economy, and social well-being.

Rachel Carson

The Club of Rome is established; it commissions a study of global proportions to model and analyze the dynamic interactions between industrial production, population, environmental damage, food consumption, and natural resource usage.

1968

Friends of the Earth forms as a nonprofit advocacy organization dedicated to protecting the planet from environmental degradation; preserving biological, cultural, and ethnic diversity; and empowering citizens to have an influential voice in decisions affecting the quality of their environment and their lives.

1969

The First Earth Day is proclaimed in San Francisco; it is held as a national teach-in on the environment; an estimated 20-million people participated in peaceful demonstrations across the United States.

1970

René Dubos and Barbara Ward published Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet, which discusses the impact of human activity on the biosphere.

1971

published Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet, which discusses the impact of human activity on the biosphere.

Rene Dubos and Barbara Ward

The Club of Rome published The Limits to Growth, which discusses the impact of economic growth on resource use and creation of pollution; it predicts the dire consequences of unchecked population growth on the viability of the planet; it calls for a state of global equilibrium.

1972

published The Limits to Growth, which discusses the impact of economic growth on resource use and creation of pollution; it predicts the dire consequences of unchecked population growth on the viability of the planet; it calls for a state of global equilibrium.

The Club of Rome

Young published the Tourism: Blessing or Blight, which drew attention to the negative impacts of tourism (Swarbrooke 1999).

1973

published the Tourism: Blessing or Blight, which drew attention to the negative impacts of tourism (Swarbrooke 1999).

Young

IUCN published the World Conservation Strategy (WCS). The section "Towards Sustainable Development' identifies the main agents of habitat destruction as poverty, population pressure, social inequity, and trading regimes; the strategy calls for a new international development strategy to redress inequities.

1980

published the World Conservation Strategy (WCS). The section "Towards Sustainable Development' identifies the main agents of habitat destruction as poverty, population pressure, social inequity, and trading regimes; the strategy calls for a new international development strategy to redress inequities.

International Union for Conservation of Nature

the UN approved the World Charter for Nature. It presented several measures for the protection of the environment such as natural habitat protection, conservation of non-renewable resources, re-use and recycling of resources, environmental impact assessment, prevention, and mitigation; environmental monitoring and timely intervention, etc.

1982

The World Commission on Environment and Development publishes Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report. The Report popularizes the term "sustainable development," which the Commission defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. "

1987

PSSD

Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development

DENR

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The UNWTO defines sustainable tourism as " ...the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems. "

1988

Barbier, Markandya, and Pearce published the Blueprint for a Green Economy where they argued for placing a greater value on the environment in relation to economic growth.

1989

Wood and House published The Good Tourist which tried to influence tourists' behavior by making them aware of the potential negative impacts of tourism (Swarbrooke 1999).

1991

published The Good Tourist which tried to influence tourists' behavior by making them aware of the potential negative impacts of tourism (Swarbrooke 1999).

Wood and House

The UN Conference on Environment and Development is held in Rio de Janeiro; agreements were reached on Agenda 21, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and non-binding Forest Principles.

1992

UNEP and the International Council for Local Environmental initiatives published the "Tourism and Local Agenda 21: The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable Tourism. "

1993

Turner et al. presented a sustainability spectrum, ranging from very weak to very strong sustainability positions (Swarbrooke 1999).

1994

The WTO holds the World Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain.

1995

The UN publishes A Practical Guide for the Development and Application of Indicators of Sustainable Tourism

1996

Delegates to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change signed the Kyoto Protocol, which commits developed nations to reducing overall emissions of several greenhouse gases and mechanisms to encourage the North-South cooperation on emissions reduction.

1997

The UNWTO published the Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism. It presents techniques for planning and developing tourism in a way that minimizes negative environmental and socio-economic impacts at the local level.

1998

published the Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism. It presents techniques for planning and developing tourism in a way that minimizes negative environmental and socio-economic impacts at the local level.

United Nation World Tourism Organisation

The UNWTO published the Global Codes of Ethic for Tourism.

1999

published the Global Codes of Ethic for Tourism.

United Nation World Tourism Organisation

The UN Millennium Summit shifted the focus of development to poverty and multiple deprivations. The UN Millennium Declaration contains the now famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), comprised of eight primary goals.

2000

In the Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism, the Convention on Biological Diversity, UNEP and the UNWTO recognize that tourism being a biodiversity-dependent industry needs to be committed to protecting the diversity of life on Earth.

2001

The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg marks the tenth anniversary of the UNCED. The Summit upheld sustainability as a framework for development and prioritized poverty eradication and environmental protection as the main goals of development.

2002

The WTO issued the Djerba [Tunisial Declaration on Tourism and Climate Change where the organization called on tourism organizations at all levels to address and adapt to climate change.

2003

Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations:

2004

UNWTO and UNEP published Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers. In the book, the UNWTO and UNEP explain how tourism could become sustainable in three steps.

2005

Al Gore published An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About

2006

Climate Change and Tourism - Responding to Global Challenges

2008

The UN Conference on Sustainable Development gathers in Rio de Janeiro to mark the 20th anniversary of the 1992 Rio Summit.

2012

The UN proposes A Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development After 2014 in response to the UN resolution made during the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20) (see previous year's highlight).

2013

UNESCO World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Achi-Nagoya marked the end of the UN Decade of ESD (2005-2014) and saw the launch of the Global Action Programme (GAP) on ESD. Under the banner of "Learning Today for a Sustainable Future, " the Conference celebrated the achievements of the Decade, and identified lessons learnt while setting the stage for the future of ESD.

2014

marked the deadline for achieving the MDGs formulated in 2000. In the Global Sustainable Development Report, the UN (2015) identified key sustainable development goals for the next 15 years, to 2030. A stakeholder forum proposed a set of Universal Sustainable Development Goals (Osborne, Cutter, and Ullah 2015) which embody universally shared vision of progress toward a safe, just, and sustainable world

2015

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Lovelyn Valenzuela · 30問 · 1年前

NORTH AMERICA