Prof ed 1 Prelim exam

77問 • 2年前

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The 14 Learner-centered principles

Nature of learning process, Goals of learning process, Construction of knowledge, Strategic thinking, Thinking about thinking, Context of learning, Motivational and emotional influences on learning, Intrinsic motivation to learn, Effects of motivation on effort, Developmental influences on learning

Psychological Association the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over _______ members.

118,000

Psychological Association the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 118,000

Scientists, Educators, Clinicians, Consultants, Students

The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.

Nature of the learning process

Nature of the learning processs Successful Learners are.....

Active, Goal-directed, Self-regulating, Assume personal responsibility for contributing their own learning

The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge

Goals of the learning process

The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.

Construction of knowledge

The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.

Strategic thinking

Strategic thinking successful learners use it in......

Learning, Reasoning, Problem-solving, Concept learning

Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.

Thinking about thinking

Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology and instructional practices.

Context of thinking

Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals and habits of thinking.

Motivational and emotional influences on learning

The learner' s creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. Relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control.

Intrinsic motivation to learn

Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice.

Effects of motivation on effort

As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is considered.

Developmental influences on learning

Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communications with others.

Social influences on learning

Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are functions of prior experience and heredity.

Individual differences in learning

Learning is most effective when differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are considered.

Learning and diversity

Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning process- including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment.

Standards and assessment

Summary of the 14 principles

The knowledge base, Strategic processing and control, Motivation and effect, Developmental and individual differences, Situation or context

The 6 cognitive and metacognitive factors

Nature of the learning process, Goals of the learning process, Construction of knowledge, Strategic thinking, Thinking about thinking, Context of learning

The 3 Motivational and affective factors

Motivational and emotional influences on learning, Intrinsic motivation to learn, Effects of motivation on effort

Developmental and social factors

Developmental influences on learning, Social influences on learning

Individual differences factors

Individual differences in learning, Learning and diversity, Standards and assessment

The muscular growth of the trunk and the most comes earlier as compared to the hands and fingers.

Proximodistal pattern

Is where the greatest development takes place at the top of the body, the head, and physical development moves gradually downwards: neck, shoulders, trunk, bottoms.

Cephalocaudal pattern

involves changes in the individual's physical nature.

Biological

involves changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and Language.

Cognitive

includes changes in the individual's relationship with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

Socio-emotional

Human development shows extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no changr in adulthood and decline in the late old age.

Traditional

Human development occurs throughout the life-span of an individual.

Life span

It does not end by adulthood and no development stage dominates the development.

Life long

development consists of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional dimensions.

Multi dimensional

development is possible throughout the life span and there is a potential for change.

Plastic

individuals are changing beings in a changing world.

Contextual

these are considered goals and that varies in every developmental change.

Growth, maintenance and regulation

Stages of Development and Developmental Tasks

Prenatal development, Infancy and toddlerhood, Early childhood, Middle childhood, Adolescence, Early adulthood, Middle adulthood, Late adulthood

Is the pattern of movement or change that begins at Conception and continues through the life span.

Human development

Human development includes ______ and_______

Growth, Decline

Human development can be _____ or _____

Positive, Negative

Proximodistal pattern- the muscular growth of the _____ and the ____ comes earlier as compared to the ____ and _____

Trunk, Arms, Hands, Fingers

Cephalocaudal pattern- is where the greatest development Takes place at the top of the body, the _____, and ____________________________:e.g. ____, ______, _____, ______.

Head, Physical development mives gradually downwards, Neck, Shoulders, Trunk, Bottoms

The largest scientific and professional oraganization of psychologists in the united states

American psychological association

The characteristics of successful learners

Active, Goal-directed, Self-regulating, Assume personal responsibility for contributing their own learning

Strategic thinking is used by successful learners in

Learning, Reasoning, Problem-solving, Concept of learning

Two kinds of Mindset

Fixed mindset, Growth mindset

The characteristics of life-span development

Life long, Multi-dimensional, Plastic, Contextual, Growth, maintenance and regulation

The goals of human development

Growth, Maintenance, Regulation

Driving force of one's behavior

Libido

a specific area that becomes the fucos of pleasure needs.

Erogenous zone

Prats of erogenous zone that apply pleasure

Mouth, Anus, Genitals

Frud suggested that an ___________ could help develop in which the individual's has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.

Anal-expulsive

Freud believed that an __________ personality develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.

Anal-retentive

Describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father.

Oedipus complex

Has been used to describe a semilar set of feelings experienced by young girls.

Electra complex

Describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing.

Schemas

The process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas is known as_____.

Assimilation

Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new informatio, a process known as _________.

Accommodation

Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Equilibration

2 theory of freud's

Psychoanalytic theory, Psychosexual theory

through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness. freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behavior

Psychoanalytic theory

child development on a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body. during each stage the child encounters conflicts that a play a significant role during development

Psychosexual theory

results from failure to satisfy or over satisfy the needs of a particular stage

Fixation

5 stages

The oral stage, The anal stage, The phallic stage, The latent period, The genital stage

during the oral stage the infant primary source of interaction through the mouth so the rooting and sucking is especially important.

The oral stage

freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements

The anal stage

the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals

the phallic stage

during this stage children develop social skills values and relationship with peers and adults outside the family

The latent period

the onset puberty causes the libido to become active once again. during the final stages of psychosexual development the individual development the individual develops a strong sexual interestin the opposite sex. this stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person life

The genitals stage

these elements work together to create complex human behaviors

The id, the ego and the superego

is the source of all psychic energy making it the primary component of personality and is. the only components of personality that is present from birth and this aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includs instinctive and primitive behaviors

The id

which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs

the id

very important early in life because it ensure that an infant needs are met

The id

develops from the id and ensures that the impulsesof id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world and functions in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind and is the components of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.

The ego

operates bsed on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways

The ego

also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through secondary process thinking

The ego

begins to emerge at around age five and holds internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society and provides guide lines for making judgement

The super ego

EL.4

Wael Hi · 20問 · 2年前

EL.4