Instrumentation 2

Almira Coleen · 28問 · 1年前

通報

問題一覧

Differentiate substances based on their mass/charge

Chromatography

Substances that exits your chromatography into charged particles/ions or products of chromatography into ions

Vaporizer (ionizer)

The ions will be accelerated and it will be passed in the? It will be deflected in different areas.

Magnetic Field

Same results with chromatogram where in each peak there is a corresponding substance

Mass Spectrometry

Types of magnetic fields that ionized substances should be able to pass through

Mass Analyzers

Simplest form of mass analyzers wherein there is a magnetic field accelerated ions will behave differently as they pass through the magnetic field. The way they reach the detector will be corresponding to their mass/charge characteristic. Kung paano sila tatama sa detector, it will determine kung ano ang kanilang mass/charge.

Magnetic Sector

Charge of the magnetic field sorts the ions based on the mass to charge ratio All those incompatible will collide on the edge

Magnetic Sector

Potential voltage accelerates the ions, the time that they will fly to reach the detector will depend on the mass to change ratio (measured based on time they arrived at the detector) The magnetic field is arranged in a vertical manner wherein the voltage source is located below. The ion will fly to reach the detector. It will jump upward and it will cause a magnetic field. The time that it will take for them to reach the detector above determines their mass/charge Mass Analyzer: Malditof? POF

Time of flight

" 4 poles" placed in oppostive directions Arrangement: 2 pairs of poles located opposite to each other. The ionize substances will enter the middle part The emission of charge will vary. Magkakaroon ng specific rhythm kung kailan irerelease ang positive at negative Manner of travel: If the positive and negative charge alternate, the way that ions will travel will dictate their mass/charge Pag mabilis nakaabot sa dulo, mabagal yung charge ratio pag mabilis nakaabot sa dulo, mabilis yung charge ratio Opposite poles: 2 (+), 2(-)

Quadropole

Setting the radio frequency and direct current voltage of the opposite poles sorts the ions based on their mass to charge ratio

Quadrupole

Uses different speed, not your ordinary way of your centrifugation High speed, Centrifugation - high speed to separate components to different layer.

Ultra, high speed Centrifugation

The most common analyte that separate using ultra centrifugation is your light?

Lipoproteins

In lipoproteins, after separation in your ultra centrifugation they will be divided into 4 distinct layer

👍

Same with flourescence, you have an excitation light. You need a UV light/Fluorescence. You need an excitation wavelength. The actions that will occured will trigger the flourescence. between the reagent and analyte of interest Antigen - Antibody reaction within the analyte of interest, automatic it will exhibit flourescence. There is no need for you to use a UV light to light.

Chemiluminescence

No monochromators and light source No need to excite or "trigger" fluorescence The relation between the analyte and the fluorescence Ideal for Immunoassays Chemiluminescence dye Luminol, Acridinium enters or Dioxetanes

Chemiluminescence

Types of electrochemical analyses used in the clinical laboratory, including potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry, and polarography

Electrochemistry

The two basic electrictrochemical cells

Galvanic, Electrolytic cells

Measures the analyte

Indicator Electrode

Silver wire coated with AgCl immersed into an internal solution of 0.1 mmol/L

Indicator Electrode

Hydrogen ion concentration Determinant of pH

HCL

Small amount of hydrogen/Neutral

Alkaline

Indicator Electrode Common Interference:

Hypernatremia

High sodium concentration Interferes with your standard pH

Hypernatremia

same for all analytes/ modification should be specific to the analyte of interest

Reference Electrode

immersed in a solution of saturated KCl

Silver/Silver Chloride or Calomel

Mercury mercuric chloride

Calomel

KCl salt solution Electrical connection between the indicator and reference electrodes Stabilizes the charge between the two analytes

Liquid Junction

ISE (Ion Selective Electrodes)

Potentiometry

Valinomycine Electrode

Potassium

Glass Membrane Electrode

Sodium

Severinghaus electrode (sodium bicarbonate yung content) - partial pressure of oxygen

pCO2

liquid membrane electrode (dioctylphenyl phosphate yung content)

Calcium

Heavy metal (lead and ion) analysis

Voltammetry

pO2 electrode

Amperometry

Chloride determination (cotlove chloridometer)

Coulometry

Antibody very specific to the component that you are interested Specific to that marker alone.

Immunochemistry/Immunohistochemistry

Antigen marker in breast cancer - HER2

Immunochemistry

Aspirate of fluid it is more and precise than human

Clinical Chemistry Automation Machine

Those analytical patient-testing activities provided within the institution, but performed outside the physical facilities of the clinical laboratories

PoCT Testing

Common test that is requested in the emergency room • Electrolytes, Enzymes (Cardiac), Blood Gases, Glucometers

PoCT's Test

Machine for Dry Slide Technology

Vitros

• Uses reagent slides with several types (spreading layer, scavenger layer, reagent layer, support layer) • Color is produced upon addition of sample in the dry slide • Minimal storage requirement as to reagents • No Pipetting steps especially for the reagents • No sample dilution required

Dry Slide Technology

Continuous tubing with sequential induction of samples

Continuous Flow

A spinning rottor is used to distribute the reagent to individual cuvettes

Centrifugal

Uses individual cuvettes and automated transfer of both sample and reagents

Discrete

Advantage/s: Good for batch testing

Continuous Flow

Advantages: Good for multiple samples and batch testing

Centrifugal

Advantages: May run specific or multiple tests individually or by batch

Discrete

Disadvantage/s: No selection of tests, possible carryovers

Continuous Flow

Disadvantage/s: One test at a time only

Centrifugal

Disadvantage/s: Expensive, expensive maintenance, lot of wasted reagents, realibility lies of the uniformity and quality of the cuvettes

Discrete

Dry Slide Technology: Sample is distributed evenly

Spreading layer

Dy Slide Technology: Fillers out substances that interfere with results

Scavenger layer

Dry Slide Technology: Reagent reacts with sample

Reagent layer

Dry Slide Technology: Reacted sample collects for spectral analysis

Indicator layer

Dry Slide Technology: Optical interference

Support layer

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