Hemoglobin

Almira Coleen · 28問 · 1年前

通報

問題一覧

RBC is composed of _____ hemoglobin

95%

has mitochondria and nucleus

Hemoglobin

Lacks mitochondria and nucleus

RBC

Total of iron that is found in the hemoglobin

90%

Composition of Hemoglobin

4 globin chains, 4 heme groups, Fe2+ -4 molecules Hb molecules, with a central ferrous ions (Fe2+)

Low concentration of hemoglobin will results low oxygen levels which can cause ________ which forms ______

Tissue Hypoxia, Anemia

The biosynthesis of hemoglobin takes place in the _______ to __________ erythrocyte stage

Normoblast, Polychromatophilic

Heme synthesis occurs in the?

Mitochondria, Cytoplasm of RBC

Globin synthesis occurs in the?

Ribosomes

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for exhalation

Hemoglobin

Heme synthesis consists of:

Protoporphyrin IX, Ferrous Iron

Heme synthesis is consists of:

Enzymes, Coenzymes, Precursor Substances

Heme synthesis produce

Blast Cells

SuccinylcoenzymeA condenses with?

Glycine

SuccinylcoenzymeA condenses with glycine to form?

Alpha-amino Acid, Beta-Ketoacidic Acid

SuccinylcoenzymeA is decarboxylated in the?

Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

4 molecules of PBG react to form?

Uroporphyrinogen III or I

Uroporphyrinogen III is converted to __________ ----> _________ ---> __________

Coproporphyrinogen III, Protoporphyrinogen, Protoporphyrin

It is an enzyme where ferrous sulfate is inserted into an protoporphyrin, to form the finished heme moiety.

Ferrochelatase

Heme Synthesis: Mitochondria --> Succinyl CoA ---> ?

ALA Synthase

Takes place in the cytoplasm --> ribosomes clustered as polyribosomes in the cytoplasm of normoblast and reticulocytes

Globin Synthesis

Assembled from 2 polypeptide chains

Alpha, Beta

4 Primary Chains - It is different by only a few amino acids substitutions.

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta

Transcription of the globin genes to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

Nucleus

Translation of mRNA to the globin polypeptide chain

Ribosomes

Chains are released from the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

After Translation

Alpha and Zeta Globin Chains

Chromosome 16

Beta, Zeta, Delta, Gamma

Chromosome 11

Embryonic HgB: Goer 1 --> Configuration:

2 zeta, 2 epsilon

Embryonic HgB: Goer 2 -->

2 alpha, 2 epsilon

Portland -->

2 zeta, 2 gamma

Fetal Hemoglobin

2 alpha, 2 gamma

Adult Hemoglobin

2 alpha, 2 beta

During this timeline, the dominant hemoglobin is the Embryonic hemoglobin.

10th week of gestation

Zeta Chain and Epsilon Chain were silenced/degranulated

10th week of Gestation

In the 10th week of gestation, the alpha and gamma is?

Upregulated

Alpha switch

Zeta

Gamma switch

Epsilon

The downregulation and upregulation of these genes is for the preparation for the activation of?

Fetal Hb

Occurs during the hepatic hematopoiesis.

2nd month of gestation

In 2nd month of gestation, it is a globin gene is activated in preparation for the adult hemoglobin.

Beta

In 2nd month of gestation, the dominant gene in this period is the?

Fetal Hemoglobin

Dominant gene is still the Fetal hemoglobin.

Before birth

Before birth the _____ globin chains are down regulated, while ________, chains are upregulated.

gamma (y), beta (β) and delta (δ)

Before birth, there is a what type of switch?

Gamma → Beta

Dominant gene is now the Adult Hemoglobin.

6th month after birth

In 6 months after birth , the dominant gene is now the?

Adult Hemoglobin

Complete hemoglobin molecule

Tetramer

Found in normal human embryos and fetuses with a gestational stage of less than 3 months

Embryonic Hemoglobin

3 types of embryonic HgB: - All of these are absent at birth because starting the third month of gestation, the synthesis of these will be seized and HbF will begin to reproduced.

Hb Gower 1, Hb Gower 2, Portland

Becomes the major intrauterine and neonatal form of Hb which persist up to birth

Fetal Hemoglobin

Major Hb of the fetuses and newborns produced _____ after conception

4 months

total Hb content at birth

80%

In Fetal Hemoglobin, there is less than __ by 6 months of age?

A condition where an individual still has high amount of HbF at an adult age.

Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH)

Higher O2 affinity than that of adult Hb because lungs are still developing, O2 tension is a little low compared to O2 tension in normal adult.

True

The substance responsible for regulating affinity of O2 (HbA).

2,3 DPG

Its weakly bind to HbF, meaning, if 2, 3 DPG binds, it lowers the affinity because it does not accept O2.

True

Produced by 1 year of age and onwards

HbA1

Sub-fraction of HbA which includes the separate fractions A1a, A1b, and A1c

Hb A1 or Glycosylated/Glycated HbA

the most common

HbA1c

The only difference is that Hb A1 has a binding attachment to a carbohydrate group which is?

Glucose

↑ glucose content, ↑ HbA1 for about ____ in a normal individual that don’t suffer with DM. ____ to those with DM.

3-6%, 6-12%

α2δ2 (2 alpha and 2 delta); constitutes <3.5% of the total Hb content

HbA2

Not produce in reticulocyte only in normoblasts

HbA2

In HbA2, there is an increased in?

β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

In HbA2, there will be a decreased in?

α-thalassemia and IDA (Iron Deficiency Anemia)

degradation product of HbA2

HbA3

major Hb in fetuses and newborn but one of the minor Hb in adults; comprising <2% of total Hb; ↑ in Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hb (HPFH)

HbF

NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD Hb A2: Hb F: Hb A:

<3.5%, 1–2%, 95%

Found in RBCs that have just come from the lungs. This is where the Oxygen and Hemoglobin binds together. Once it leaves the lungs, this is what is known as? o Gives a pinkness to the skin

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Reduced or deoxygenated Hb (without oxygen) Found in RBCs after releasing O2 in the tissues. After the Hemoglobin has given up its oxygen to the tissues, it becomes?

Deoxyhemoglobin (HbCO2)

Causes Hypoxic – cyanotic (very low O2)  But this is still normal. It only becomes abnormal when the level of deoxyhemoglobin is elevated.

Deoxyhemoglobin (HbCO2)

In deoxyhemoglobin, in cases of hypoxia, it gives a? hue to the skin. You can check this in the gums.

Bluish

High Oxygen Saturation High Oxygen Tension High Oxygen Affinity Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) – 100 mmHg Hgb will pick up Oxygen

Lungs

Low Oxygen Saturation Low Oxygen Tension Low Oxygen Affinity Hgb will release Oxygen Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) – 20 mmHg

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