Endocrine Gland

Almira Coleen · 28問 · 1年前

通報

問題一覧

Signaling molecules released by secretory cells of endocrine glands.

Endocrine Gland: Hormone

Types of Hormone Secretion:

Juxtacrine Secretion, Paracrine Secretion, Autocrine Secretion

The pituitary gland is composed of:

Anterior Part, Posterior Part

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Pars Distalis, Pars Tuberalis, Pars Intermedia

• 75% of the Adenohypophysis • Two broad groups of cells based on staining affinity.

Pars Distalis

Chromophils

Acidophils, Basophils

Acidophils

Somatotrophic, Mammotrophic

Basophils

Gonadotrophic, Corticotrophic, Thyrotrophic

Degranulated Cells

Chromophobes

Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in liver

Somatotrophs

Promotes milk secretion

Lactotrophs, Mammotrophs

FSH promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion in women and spermatogenesis in men; LH promotes ovarian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in women and interstitial cell androgen secretion in men

Gonadotrophs

Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation

Thyrotrophs

• Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones • Helps regulate lipid metabolism

Corticotrophs

• Funnel – shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis • Most cells are basophilic gonadotrophic cells that secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Pars Tuberalis

• Thin zone of basophilic cells • Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone • Endorphin

Pars Intermedia

acts on all body tissues, especially cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue to stimulate growth.

Growth Hormone

acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids (eg, cortisol).

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

act on gonads (testes and ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm and oocyte)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone

acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production.

Prolactin

stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (TH).

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

• Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Response to increased tonicity of the blood • increased permeability of the collecting ducts of the kidney to water. As a result, more water is absorbed & replaced into blood instead of being eliminated in the urine.

Supraoptic Nuclei

• Oxytocin • Stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli & ducts of the mammry glands & of uterine smooth muscle during child birth.

Paraventricular Nuclei

are each covered by a dense connective tissue capsule that sends thin trabeculae into the gland’s parenchyma.

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal glands are each covered by

Dense Connective Tissue

The stroma consists in adrenal glands mainly of __________ supporting the secretory cells and microvasculature.

Reticular Fibers

Adrenal Glands: Yellowish Peripheral Layer:

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Glands: Reddish Brown Central Layer:

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis

Mineralcorticoids: affect the uptake of Na, K, H2O – Principal Product: Aldosterone – Controlled by Angiotensin II

Zona Glomerulosa

- Glucocorticoids: Cortisol (GLUCONEOGENESIS, GLYCOGENOLYSIS) – Controlled by ACTH

Zona Fasciculata

Also produce cortisol but primarily secrete weak androgen.

Zona Reticularis

The Adrenal Medulla contains many electron-dense granules for hormone storage & secretion.

Chromaffin Cells

are released to the blood in large quantities during intense emotional reactions, such as fright & produce vasoconstriction, increase BP, changes in heart rate & metabolic effects such as increase blood glucose.

Catecholamines

" Fight or Flight Response” ▪ Normal Activity = small quantities of the hormone

Adrenal Medulla

Located in the cervical region anterior to the larynx, consists of 2 lobes united by an isthmus.

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Gland composed of millions of rounded epithelial structures called

Thyroid Follicles

Each follicle of the thyroid gland consists of a simple epithelium and a central lumen filled with a gelatinous substance called

Colloid

Thyroid colloid contains the large glycoprotein _________, precursor for the active thyroid hormones

Thyroglobulin

major regulator of the anatomic & functional state of thyroid follicles.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

As we grew older: Cells ->

Adipocytes

transitional derivatives of principal cells.

Oxyphil Cell

filled with secretory granules containing (PTH), major regulator of blood calcium levels.

Chief Cells/Principal Cell

Are compact spherical/ egg-shaped masses of endocrine tissue embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas.

Pancreatic Islets

Islet Cell

Alpha Cells, Beta Cells, Delta Cells

• Located in the posterior extremity of the third ventricle of the brain. ▪ Regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities

Pineal Gland

most prominent and abundant secretory cells of the pineal gland

Pinealocytes

Pineal Gland: BRAIN SAND

Corpora Arenacea

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