A. Production: Collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the body; the developing precursors in the bone marrow, circulating erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and vascular spaces within organs, such as the spleen

Erythron

Progenitors

Erythroid Precursors

Can be seen in the Bone Marrow

Immature RBC

Can be seen in the Blood

Three Erythroid Precursors Nomenclature Systems

Requirements for Growth and Maturation

BFU-E --> RBC: Maturation days?

Pronormoblast --> RBC: How many days?

In 1 BFU-E, how many RBC production?

Growth Requirements

• Heme Synthesis • Hemoglobin

Nuclear Maturation

- Found in the parietal cells of the stomach - Vitamin B12 Absorption.

- Decreased oxygen state - Detected by peritubular fibroblasts of the kidney - Low level of tissue oxygen

Oxygen sensor of the body

Source of EPO Production, Functions and Regulation

The BFU-E & CFU-E progenitors, proliferation/differentiation will turn into

EPO Production Specific Actions: Promotes the early release of retics into the circulation (Normally it is _______, but if there is a great demand it will be shortened to 1 day = shift retics)

The reticulocyte will stay into the Bone Marrow for about _______, and after that it will be released to the blood.

No RBC Production

It takes how many days for Pronormoblast to be an RBC?

Reducing the time needed for cells to mature in the bone marrow. It is called?

Produced by increased erythropoietin production results from tissue hypoxia caused by such diverse factors as detective high oxygen affinity type of hemoglobin, anemia, chronic lung disease, inappropriate erythropoietin production

Common cause of secondary erythrocytosis

Primary cause of higher erythropoietin is?

An autosomal dominant trait that produces a defect in the regulation of erythropoietin

Methods of EPO Determination: Like pregnancy test, use of lab animals

Methods of EPO determination: Ag-ab reactions, monoclonal ab

- Aplastic Anemia - Decrease clearance of EPO - Panmyelophthesis

- Increase clearance EPO - Very high RBC count - Increase oxygen carrying capacity

Bone marrow failure

Example of Decreased EPO: Kidney Damage

- Normal RBC Production - Synchronous Maturation

Macrophages surrounded by developing normoblast. Macrophages salvages iron and supply it to the developing normoblast

- Nurse Cells - Supplies iron to the developing pronormoblast

Stage it commences - basophilic normoblast stage up to reticulocyte stage

Heme synthesis happens in the?

Globin synthesis happens in the?

Pyknosis and nuclear extrusion giving rise to reticulocyte

Erythrocytes Maturation: Release in the circulation - retics - after _____

- Abnormal Maturation - Asynchronous Maturation

Nuclear maturation lags behind cytoplasmic maturation

Causes: Vit B12 deficiency, Folic Acid Deficiency, Malabsorption, Lack of IF, Infection

Essential requirement for nuclear development:

Problems affecting Vitamin B12 Absorption

Bacteria that can cause stomach ulcer

Fish Tapeworm Infection, Parasitic

Abnormally large pronormoblast

Nuclear Fragmentation

Abnormally large blood cells

- Abnormal RBC - Inclusion composed of DNA

Blood Structure and Function:

Erythrocyte Structure: 1/3 of the cell diameter

Primary function is to transport O2 from lungs to tissues

- RBC Membranes Proteins: Lipids: Carbohydrates:

- Transport substances - Links lipids membrane to cytoskeletal proteins - Transport sites, adhesion site, signaling receptors - Ankyrin complex

Ankyrin Complex:

Anion transport

Glucose Transport

- Sialic Acid - Zeta Potential (negative charge)

Ratio of Protein

Main cytoskeletal proteins:

Two types of Spectrin:

Shape and Flexibility - Actin Junction Complex

Provides membrane structural integrity

Maintaining the horizontal & ventral structure of RBC

40% Lipids is composed of

Phospholipid outer layer:

Phospholipid inner layer:

Selective entry of substances into RBCs

Does not allow Na, K, Ca to enter the RBC

It allows water, bicarbonate and chloride to enter the RBC

In ATP dependent cation pumps, it has two defect

Maintains the RBC intracellular & extracellular cation

In RBC Intracellular and Extracellular Cation, the Primary IC of Potassium has a ratio of?

In RBC Intracellular and Extracellular Cation, the Primary EC of Sodium has a ratio of?

Metabolic Pathway

In this type of pathway the RBC lacks mitochondria and nucleus. It contains hemoglobin only.

- Anaerobic Glycolysis - Produce 2 mol of ATP - A source of ATP Requirement which composed of 90-95% - Support three metabolic pathways

- Cell rigidity and decrease survival - Affecting shape and flexibility of RBC it became rigid

The plasma glucose

Maintain cell membrane structure and intracellular substances

5-10% of energy requirement

In Hexose Monosphate Shunt, what is the oxidize form of glutathione

In Hexose Monosphate Shunt, what is the reduced form of glutathione?

Prevents hemoglobin denaturation

To protect and preserve hemoglobin you need to reduced the?

Abnormal RBC inclusion composed by hemoglobin

During megaloblastic maturation we have what type of DNA?

Product of Emden-Meyerhof Pathway?

Product of Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

Produce: 2,3 DPG - regulate hemoglobin affinity to O2

The role of this pathway is to make sure that the iron will remain in ferrous state by preventing the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron

The iron is in the what type of state? Which is functional and capable of transporting oxygen.

The hemoglobin's iron is in the what type of state? If the hemoglobin is non-functional and incapable of transporting oxygen.

The methemoglobin reductase is also called?

Mechanism of RBC Production