- Increase clearance EPO - Very high RBC count - Increase oxygen carrying capacity

Problems affecting Vitamin B12 Absorption

The reticulocyte will stay into the Bone Marrow for about _______, and after that it will be released to the blood.

Bacteria that can cause stomach ulcer

- Found in the parietal cells of the stomach - Vitamin B12 Absorption.

Nuclear maturation lags behind cytoplasmic maturation

Pronormoblast --> RBC: How many days?

Progenitors

During megaloblastic maturation we have what type of DNA?

Can be seen in the Blood

Ratio of Protein

Produce: 2,3 DPG - regulate hemoglobin affinity to O2

In Hexose Monosphate Shunt, what is the oxidize form of glutathione

Example of Decreased EPO: Kidney Damage

Two types of Spectrin:

Blood Structure and Function:

EPO Production Specific Actions: Promotes the early release of retics into the circulation (Normally it is _______, but if there is a great demand it will be shortened to 1 day = shift retics)

Maintaining the horizontal & ventral structure of RBC

Bone marrow failure

Product of Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

Phospholipid outer layer:

Macrophages surrounded by developing normoblast. Macrophages salvages iron and supply it to the developing normoblast

It allows water, bicarbonate and chloride to enter the RBC

The BFU-E & CFU-E progenitors, proliferation/differentiation will turn into

The methemoglobin reductase is also called?

The plasma glucose

- Abnormal RBC - Inclusion composed of DNA

• Heme Synthesis • Hemoglobin

Provides membrane structural integrity

Common cause of secondary erythrocytosis

- Abnormal Maturation - Asynchronous Maturation

5-10% of energy requirement

Reducing the time needed for cells to mature in the bone marrow. It is called?

In Hexose Monosphate Shunt, what is the reduced form of glutathione?

Abnormal RBC inclusion composed by hemoglobin

Fish Tapeworm Infection, Parasitic

- Nurse Cells - Supplies iron to the developing pronormoblast

The role of this pathway is to make sure that the iron will remain in ferrous state by preventing the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron

In ATP dependent cation pumps, it has two defect

Stage it commences - basophilic normoblast stage up to reticulocyte stage

- Decreased oxygen state - Detected by peritubular fibroblasts of the kidney - Low level of tissue oxygen

Produced by increased erythropoietin production results from tissue hypoxia caused by such diverse factors as detective high oxygen affinity type of hemoglobin, anemia, chronic lung disease, inappropriate erythropoietin production

A. Production: Collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the body; the developing precursors in the bone marrow, circulating erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and vascular spaces within organs, such as the spleen

Pyknosis and nuclear extrusion giving rise to reticulocyte

Nuclear Maturation

Maintains the RBC intracellular & extracellular cation

Primary function is to transport O2 from lungs to tissues

Selective entry of substances into RBCs

Erythroid Precursors

- Cell rigidity and decrease survival - Affecting shape and flexibility of RBC it became rigid

Does not allow Na, K, Ca to enter the RBC

Erythrocyte Structure: 1/3 of the cell diameter

The iron is in the what type of state? Which is functional and capable of transporting oxygen.

Essential requirement for nuclear development:

Phospholipid inner layer:

Abnormally large pronormoblast

Three Erythroid Precursors Nomenclature Systems

Growth Requirements

Methods of EPO Determination: Like pregnancy test, use of lab animals

Nuclear Fragmentation

Metabolic Pathway

Causes: Vit B12 deficiency, Folic Acid Deficiency, Malabsorption, Lack of IF, Infection

- Aplastic Anemia - Decrease clearance of EPO - Panmyelophthesis

- Transport substances - Links lipids membrane to cytoskeletal proteins - Transport sites, adhesion site, signaling receptors - Ankyrin complex

Maintain cell membrane structure and intracellular substances

- Normal RBC Production - Synchronous Maturation

Globin synthesis happens in the?

Primary cause of higher erythropoietin is?

- Anaerobic Glycolysis - Produce 2 mol of ATP - A source of ATP Requirement which composed of 90-95% - Support three metabolic pathways

The hemoglobin's iron is in the what type of state? If the hemoglobin is non-functional and incapable of transporting oxygen.

BFU-E --> RBC: Maturation days?

To protect and preserve hemoglobin you need to reduced the?

Oxygen sensor of the body

It takes how many days for Pronormoblast to be an RBC?

40% Lipids is composed of

In RBC Intracellular and Extracellular Cation, the Primary EC of Sodium has a ratio of?

Heme synthesis happens in the?

Ankyrin Complex:

Can be seen in the Bone Marrow

In RBC Intracellular and Extracellular Cation, the Primary IC of Potassium has a ratio of?

Main cytoskeletal proteins:

Product of Emden-Meyerhof Pathway?

Immature RBC

An autosomal dominant trait that produces a defect in the regulation of erythropoietin

In 1 BFU-E, how many RBC production?

Erythrocytes Maturation: Release in the circulation - retics - after _____

In this type of pathway the RBC lacks mitochondria and nucleus. It contains hemoglobin only.

- RBC Membranes Proteins: Lipids: Carbohydrates:

Erythron

Requirements for Growth and Maturation

- Sialic Acid - Zeta Potential (negative charge)

The methemoglobin reductase is also called?

Anion transport

Abnormally large blood cells

Mechanism of RBC Production

Prevents hemoglobin denaturation

Source of EPO Production, Functions and Regulation

No RBC Production

Shape and Flexibility - Actin Junction Complex

Bacteria that can cause stomach ulcer