Lab Safety

75問 • 1年前

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Utilizes the specialty of chemistry to study human beings. -An applied science when analysis are performed on body fluids or tissues for diagnosis or treatment of disease.

Clinical Chemistry

Role of Clinical Chemistry

Measure the chemical changes in the body for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of disease., Measure the concentration of a particular constituent (the analyte) in body fluids.

Role of Medical Technologist (Must understand the tools)

Equipments, Reagents, Principle of the testing methods, Knowledge of the medical uses of the determinations

Biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organism, primarily humans. Chain of infection. (Transmission)

Biologic Hazard

Biologic Hazard/Pathogenic Microorganisms

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Prions, Toxins

Necessary to prevent infection

Chain of Infection

Requires continuous link between three elements

Source, Mode of Transmission, Suspectible Host

Refers to the location of potentially harmful microorganisms

Source

Direct contact, Inhalation, Ingestion

Mode of Transmission

Individual who is at risk of infection

Host

Types of Biologic Hazards

Pathogenic Microorganisms, Bioactive Substances, Allergic Agents

Toxins produced by microorganisms, plants, and animals

Bioactive Substances

Substances that can cause allergic reactions

Allergic Agents

Hospitals, laboratories, and clinics where infectious agents are handled

Medical and Clinical Settings

Soil, water and air that may contain pathogenic organisms

Natural Environment

Facilities involved in genetic engineering, pharmaceutical development, and biological research

Biotechnology and Research

Physical contact with an infected person or contaminated surface

Direct Contact

Inhalation of airborne pathogens (droplets)

Airborne Transmission

Spread through vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas)

Vector-Borne Transmission

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Food and Water

Non-infectious dry biological waste disposal

Black

Non-infectious wet biological waste disposal

Green

Infectious pathologic biological waste disposal

Yellow

Biological Waste Disposal: Chemical Waste and Heavy Metals

Yellow with Black Band

Biological Waste Disposal: Radioactive Waste

Orange

Biological Waste Disposal: Sharps

Red

Biological Waste Disposal: Soiled Linens

White or Clear Plastics

Biological Waste Disposal: Autoclaving

Light Blue or Transparent w/ Blue Inscription

The most common disinfectant is 1:10 solution of ___________ (household bleach) prepared weekly and stored in a plastic (not a glass)

Sodium Hypochlorite

(sterilization) uses high pressure steam to realize waste, killing all pathogens (commonly used for laboratory waste)

Autoclaving

(Burning Waste) involves burning biological waste at high temperature, reducing it to ash

Incineration

Often used for liquid waste

Chemical Disinfection

(Burial) requires careful regulation to avoid contamination

Landfill Disposal

(Composting) microorganisms break down the waste into harmless by products; more applicable to agriculture and food industry waste

Biological Treatment

Are a specific category of medical and laboratory waste that includes an items that can puncture or cut the skin. Causing injuries and transmitting infections

Sharps

Can cause puncture or wounds (Bloodborne Pathogens)

Needlestick Injuries

Can lead to exposure to infectious materials and increase the risk of infection

Cuts and Laceration

Refers to the risk posed by chemicals that can cause harm to human health or the environment

Chemical Hazards

Immediate harm upon exposure

Acute

Long-term health effects

Chronic

Cyanide, Carbon Monoxide

Acute

Asbestos, Benzene

Chronic

Easily ignite and cause fires

Flammable Chemicals

Can cause severe damage to tissues and materials

Corrosive Chemicals

Can undergo violent reactions under certain conditions

Reactive Chemicals

Known to cause cancer

Carcinogens

Cause genetics mutations

Mutagens

Cause developmental abnormalities

Teratogens

Refers to dangerous conditions where a person can encounter energized equipment or conductors

Electrical Hazard

RACE

Fire/Explosive Hazards

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

Environmental factors that can cause harm to human body without necessarily touching it Injuries, health issues, accidents

Physical Hazards

Most frequently used reagent in the laboratory

Water

Purified by distillation

Distilled Water

Purified by ion exchange

Deionized Water

Reverse osmosis; pumps water across semipermeable membrane

RO Water

Reagent Grade Water: (Ultrapure) Requiring minimum interference; for preparation of standard solutions, buffer and in analytical techniques

Type I

Reagent Grade Water: Preparation of reagents and solutions, general laboratory procedures

Type II

Reagent Grade Water: Glassware Washing

Type III

Dissolved in liquid

Solute

Biologic Solutes

Analytes

Liquid in which solute is dissolved

Solvent

The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent into the solution through a semipermeable membrane

Osmotic Pressure

Liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor

Vapor Pressure

Temperature at which a vapor pressures of a solid and liquid phases are the same

Freezing Point

Temperature are which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere

Boiling Point

Redox/Reduction Potential: measure of the ability of a solution to accept or donate electrons

Oxidation

Donate electrons

Reducing Agents

Accept Electrons

Oxidizing Agents

How electricity passes through a solution

Conductivity

Resistance to the passage of electrical current

Resistivity

Used a colored liquid (red or other colored material) Encased in Plastic or Glass 20°C - 40°C Continuous line of liquid Free from separation or bubbles NIST

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

Temperature-sensitive resistors SRM, NIST Fast reading and accurate Ideal for applications requiring immediate temperature adjustment

Electronic Thermometer or Thermistor

Direct contact, Inhalation, Ingestion

Mode of Transmission

Direct contact, Inhalation, Ingestion

Mode of Transmission

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