An organ consists of two or more types of tissues, The stomach consists of all four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous, The muscle system includes striated muscles, smooth muscles and the cardiac muscle, The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the bladder and the associated urinary tracts

The human body contains three serous membranes: the pleura, the pericardium and the peritoneum, Each of the three serous membranes has a parietal and a visceral sheet, The parietal sheet of the peritoneum lines the abdominal and the pelvic cavities, The space between the peritoneal sheets is called peritoneal cavity, the space between pericardial sheets is called pericardial cavity

The nucleus delimited by the membrane is present in eukaryote cells, The nucleus is present in all the cells of the human body, with the exception of red blood cells (erythrocytes), The dense mass of the nucleus containing RNA (ribonucleic acid) is called nucleolus, During the interphase period, when chromosomes cannot be distinguished from one another, the dispersed DNA mass and its associated proteins from the cell nucleus are called chromatin

In the gastrointestinal tract, cells divide often, The cell cycle has two important phases: the interphase and mitosis, The cell cycle is a repeating series of events including cellular growth and reproduction, The contents of the nucleus is directly involved in cell reproduction

They represent linear units where DNA is organized inside the cell nucleus, They contain functional segments called genes, Each chromosome consists of millions of units called nucleosomes, Chromosome condensation results from the supra-spiralling of nucleosomes

The nervous tissue enveloped by three meningeal layers, The central canal also called ependymar canal, A grey matter on the inside consisting of horns, A white mater on the outside consisting of myelinated nerve fibres

Their apparent origin is the base of the encephalon (cranial nerves) and the spinal cord (spinal nerves), Spinal nerves and some of the cranial nerves contain both sensory fibres and motor fibres, Some cranial nerves contain fibres belonging to the vegetative nervous system (the vagus nerve), The spinal nerves innervate several structures such as the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, blood vessels, mucosae, sweat glands (with the exception of the head and the neck)

They represent most of the encephalon and control complex mental functions, The insular lobe or insula is a deep area of the cerebral hemispheres, Each hemisphere contains the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe, They represent the centre of reasoning and memory and greatly determine the intelligence of an individual

The frontal lobe is anterior to the central sulcus, The parietal lobe is posterior to the frontal lobe and separated from it by the central sulcus, Below the frontal lobe and separated from it by the lateral sulcus, lies the temporal lobe, Posterior to each hemisphere, lies the occipital lobe

It is situated in the frontal lobe, Contains large pyramidal neurons which generate impulses transmitted along the corticospinal tract, The frontal lobe, in Broca’s area, is responsible for the motor activity connected to speech and language processing, Due to the crossing over of the corticospinal tracts, the impulses received from the left hemisphere control the motor activity of the body’s right side

Slowing down of the heart rate and dilatation of the arteries, Constriction of the pupil, Stimulation of the digestion, Contraction of the urinary bladder

It belongs to the refractory structures of the eye, It consists of a concentric protein fibrous material, It is transparent and elastic, It is the main structure responsible for image focalising

They are a part of the membranous labyrinth, Each is connected to the utricle, located superior to the saccule, The utricle and semicircular canals are associated to the sense of balance, At the junction with the utricle, each canal has a dilated part called ampulla

Pivotal (which ensure the movement of rotation), Spheroidal (allow the greatest diversity of movements of all joints), Condyloid (ellipsoid), Saddle (allow the same movements as condyloid joints but have a greater freedom)

It is one of the four main tissues in the body, It has the ability to contract, It has the ability to perform mechanical work, The muscle cell (fibre) is the structural unit of the muscle tissue

Forms the external tunic of the gastrointestinal tract, Is continuous with the parietal peritoneum, Contains cells that secrete a fluid which lubricates the external surface of the organs, Together with the parietal peritoneum, they form a space called „peritoneal cavity”

Ingestion of food, Gustatory function, Mechanical digestion of food, Lubrication of food

Consist in a bundle of lymphatic tissue located in the mucosa, Are of three types: palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, Belong to the lymphatic system, Have a role in the body’s defence

They are represented by saliva, which contains amylase and mucus, They are produced by mucous cells, The facilitate the binding of food particles (with the help of the mucus), They lubricate food contributing to the formation of the food bolus

It transports respiratory gases to and from the lungs, It carries metabolic products from the cells to the kidney, It is more viscous than water and its normal pH ranges between 7.35 – 7.45, Its major components are represented by plasma and figurative elements

Thrombocytes – blood platelets – fragments from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, Leukocytes – white cells – protection against infection, Basophils – white cells – possible role in the allergic response, Erythrocytes – red blood cells - O2 transport – CO2 transport

Blood group A has antingen A on the erythrocyte and anti-B antibodies in the serum, Blood group B has antingen B on the erythrocyte and anti-A antibodies in the serum, Blood group AB has both A and B antigens on the erythrocyte and no antibodies in the serum, The type of antigen (antigens) on the surface of the erythrocytes is the one that determines the blood group

Same-type antigens and antibodies should not meet in the recipient’s blood, Knowing the blood group of the donor and of the recipient is mandatory, A 0-group donor can donate blood to all the other blood groups, An AB-group recipient can receive blood from groups A and B

It belongs to the conducting zone of the respiratory system, It has an external part consisting of cartilage and skin, It has two internal parts called nasal cavities, It represents the normal entry way of air in the respiratory system

The oropharynx, situated posterior to the oral cavity, The oropharynx where the digestive and respiratory tracts meet, The laryngopharynx, situated posterior to the larynx, The nasopharynx, situated posterior to the nasal cavities

There are two kidneys, situated retroperitoneally, They lie laterally to the spinal column, Superiorly, they are in contact with the adrenal glands, They are supported by fatty and connective tissue

The afferent arteriole takes blood from the renal artery to the glomerulus, The afferent, microscopic, arterioles form the glomerular capillary network, The efferent arterioles form the peritubular capillary network, The peritubular capillaries drain into small veins which join together to form eventually the renal vein

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule are responsible with filtering blood plasma, Glucose and amino acid reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubules, The secretion of certain medicines takes place in the distal tubules, Sodium is reabsorbed by active transport in the ascending branch of the loop of Henle

They produce reproductive cells called gametes, They contains ducts which receive and transport gametes, They contain glands and accessory organs which secrete fluids (subsequently carried through the ducts), They include external genitalia (such as the vulva in women or the penis in men)

Its reproductive cells are called gametes, just like those of the female reproductive system, It is responsible for producing, storing, maintaining and transporting male reproductive cells, The system has ducts which receive and transport reproductive cells, The system has accessory glands which secrete fluids that are transported through ducts

The external genitalia (the vulva), Ducts, which receive and transport gametes (fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina), Gonads, responsible for producing gametes, Ovaries, responsible for producing sex hormones

Somatotropic hormone (STH) stimulates body growth, Thyroid hormones, amine hormones can be synthesized only when food contains a proper iodine contents, Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a tropic hormone and stimulates testicular interstitial cell maturation, Glucocorticoids are represented mainly by cortisol