They are bundles of smooth muscle tissue, The enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsil results in the formation of palatine masses, They secrete enzymes and mucus which play a role in digestion

The tongue, which pushes the food bolus into the pharynx, The soft palate, the pharynx and the oesophagus, The oesophagus which pushes the food bolus to the stomach

During deglutition, the tongue elevates and presses the bolus to the hard palate, pushing it towards the pharynx, Once it passes the epiglottis which covers the larynx, the food bolus enters the oesophagus, Oesophageal peristalsis refers to the occurrence of contraction waves of the oesophageal smooth muscle layer (waves which push the food bolus to the stomach)

They are considered accessory organs of the digestive system, The largest salivary gland is the parotid gland, a paired gland, Salivary amylase is the enzyme secreted by the salivary gland serosa

The saliva they produce facilitates the lubrication and cohesion of food particles, They secrete enzymes which initiate the carbohydrate digestion process, They are responsible for amylase secretion, an enzyme which turns starch and glycogen into disaccharides (maltose)

It initiates the processes of chemical digestion of starch molecules until the stage of disaccharides, It is secreted by the serous cells of the salivary glands, It breaks down starch and glycogen to the stage of maltose

Contain amylase-secreting serous cells, Contain the parotid duct (the parotid gland), Are represented by the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

They are represented by saliva, which contains amylase and mucus, They are produced by mucous cells, The facilitate the binding of food particles (with the help of the mucus), They lubricate food contributing to the formation of the food bolus

It extends from the cardiac sphincter to the pyloric sphincter, It is a „J” -shaped organ, It communicates with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter

Convex lateral surface – the large curvature, and the medial surface – the lesser curvature, The fundus (fornix) and the body (the main part), The pyloric antrum, a narrow distal part

The absorption of small amounts of water, glucose, ions and alcohol by the gastric mucosa, The secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells, To evacuate the gastric chyme into the small bowel through the pyloric sphincter

Pepsin, secreted in inactive form and which will be subsequently activated by the hydrochloric acid, Labferment (produced only in the stomach of infants, but not in adults) coagulates the proteins in milk

The stomach is situated in the upper left part of the abdomen, The oesophagus penetrates the diaphragm through the oesophageal hiatus, The stomach lies with its medial concave surface (the lesser curvature) oriented towards the liver

It is a fluid mixture, It results from the mixing and breakdown of the food bolus under the action of the muscle layers in the stomach wall, Its expulsion into the small bowel, where most of the digestion takes place, is done through the pyloric sphincter

Hydrochloric acid, water, ions, Pepsin, which breaks large proteins down into peptides, Mucus, which protects the stomach wall against autodigestion

The duodenum, the first segment, where the gastric chyme is expelled from the stomach, The jejunum and ileum, the main site of absorption, The jejunum of about 2.5 metres and the ileum of about 3.5 – 4 metres long

It is increased due to the presence of thousands of villi and microvilli, It has projections of the mucosa which contain blood capillaries and central lymphatic capillary (lacteal), It has villi and microvilli (the latter being electron microscopic projections of the cell membranes in the mucosa)

Pancreatic amylase, which digests starch and yields maltose, Lactase, a disaccharide which produces glucose and galactose

Bile emulsifies small lipid droplets, called mycelia, Mycelia are the forms under which fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported, The emulsification process facilitates lipase action

The cecum and the vermiform appendix, The ascending colon which lies vertically on the right of the abdomen, The transverse colon which horizontally crosses the abdomen, near the stomach and the spleen

Vermiform appendix – vermicular projection – vestigial organs, Ascending colon – vertical position – extending to the inferior border of the liver, Descending colon – continues the transverse colon – starts at the splenic flexure

Water absorption, about 300-400 ml daily, Ion absorption (mainly Na+), The formation of faeces which will be discharged by defecation

It is situated under the diaphragm and it is divided into four lobes: right, left, quadrate and caudate, Produces bile deposited in the gall bladder, The lobes of the liver are subdivided into lobules which contain hepatocytes and macrophages

Glycogen deposition by glycogenogenesis, when glucose blood level is high, The site of gluconeogenesis, when blood sugar levels are low, Vitamin deposition such as vitamins A, B12, D, E, K