The oral cavity (mouth) and the pharynx – the first segments of the gastrointestinal tract, The oesophagus, situated in the continuation of the pharynx, The large bowel, the terminal segment of the gastrointestinal tract

It consists of the parietal peritoneum, continuing with the visceral peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity, It consists of a double-stratified mesentery, It contains mucus-secreting glands which serve to protect the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract

It communicates anteriorly with the oropharynx and it has no gustatory function, The palate of the oral cavity consists of the hard palate and the soft palate, It mixes food with gastric secretions, and it has a gustatory and a masticatory function

The canines have a conical shape. The tongue consists of striated muscles, The basic structure of a tooth consists of the crown, the neck and the root. The external surface of a tooth is covered with enamel

Is located inside the tooth, in the pulp cavity, Is surrounded by dentin, covered by enamel, Contains blood vessels, nerves and the tooth’s connective tissue

The oesophagus is the first segment which displays the three layers of the gastrointestinal tract, The oesophagus extends to the pyloric sphincter, where the stomach begins

Consist in a bundle of lymphatic tissue located in the mucosa, Are of three types: palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, Belong to the lymphatic system, Have a role in the body’s defence

During deglutition, the tongue elevates and presses the bolus to the hard palate, pushing it towards the pharynx, Once it passes the epiglottis which covers the larynx, the food bolus enters the oesophagus, Oesophageal peristalsis refers to the occurrence of contraction waves of the oesophageal smooth muscle layer (waves which push the food bolus to the stomach)

The saliva they produce facilitates the lubrication and cohesion of food particles, They secrete enzymes which initiate the carbohydrate digestion process, They are responsible for amylase secretion, an enzyme which turns starch and glycogen into disaccharides (maltose)

It initiates the processes of chemical digestion of starch molecules until the stage of disaccharides, It is secreted by the serous cells of the salivary glands, It breaks down starch and glycogen to the stage of maltose

They are represented by saliva, which contains amylase and mucus, They are produced by mucous cells, The facilitate the binding of food particles (with the help of the mucus), They lubricate food contributing to the formation of the food bolus

Pancreatic amylase, which digests starch and yields maltose, Lactase, a disaccharide which produces glucose and galactose

Bile emulsifies small lipid droplets, called mycelia, Mycelia are the forms under which fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported, The emulsification process facilitates lipase action

The cecum and the vermiform appendix, The ascending colon which lies vertically on the right of the abdomen, The transverse colon which horizontally crosses the abdomen, near the stomach and the spleen

It is situated under the diaphragm and it is divided into four lobes: right, left, quadrate and caudate, Produces bile deposited in the gall bladder, The lobes of the liver are subdivided into lobules which contain hepatocytes and macrophages

Glycogen deposition by glycogenogenesis, when glucose blood level is high, The site of gluconeogenesis, when blood sugar levels are low, Vitamin deposition such as vitamins A, B12, D, E, K