Adrenaline and noradrenaline, Noradrenaline and dopamine

Excite the postsynaptic neuron, Induce postsynaptic-neuron-membrane depolarisation, Open sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to penetrate the cell

Inhibit the occurrence of nervous impulses in the postsynaptic neuron, Keep sodium channels closed

It lies in the bony canal formed by the vertebrae, It originates in the large opening (foramen magnum) of the occipital bone, extending downwards through the bony canal formed by the vertebrae

The nervous tissue enveloped by three meningeal layers, The central canal also called ependymar canal, A grey matter on the inside consisting of horns, A white mater on the outside consisting of myelinated nerve fibres

The dura mater, fibrous, resistant connective tissue, The arachnoid, network-like thin layer, The pia mater, richly-vascularised very thin layer

Cannot be found outside the dura mater, Whenever a disorder of the nervous system is suspected, a sample can be collected by spinal tap (lumbar puncture) for lab analysis, Its function is to ensure the necessary nutrients required by the nerve cells of the central nervous system

Their apparent origin is the base of the encephalon (cranial nerves) and the spinal cord (spinal nerves), Spinal nerves and some of the cranial nerves contain both sensory fibres and motor fibres, Some cranial nerves contain fibres belonging to the vegetative nervous system (the vagus nerve), The spinal nerves innervate several structures such as the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, blood vessels, mucosae, sweat glands (with the exception of the head and the neck)

The bulb hosts the centres which regulate cardiac activity and blood pressure, The bridge functions as a relay between the two cerebellar hemispheres, The mesencephalon controls the reflex movements of the head and trunk as response to auditory stimuli

They belong to the peripheral nervous system, together with the spinal nerves, They are designated by numbers (I – XII) and a different name for each, Their apparent origin is described – the place where the nerve becomes visible

Nerves I, II and VII are sensory nerves, nerves III, IV, VI, VII and XI are motor nerves, Nerves I, II and VII are mixed nerves

They represent most of the encephalon and control complex mental functions, The insular lobe or insula is a deep area of the cerebral hemispheres, Each hemisphere contains the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe, They represent the centre of reasoning and memory and greatly determine the intelligence of an individual

They are joined by a bridge called corpus callosum, made of nerve fibres, The frontal lobe lies anterior to each cerebral hemisphere, Their surface is crossed by several grooves and gyri

They contain neurons which interpret the nervous impulses coming from sense organs, They contain neurons which initiate voluntary responses to stimuli, Certain areas of the parietal lobes are responsible for understanding speech and expressing ideas

They are cavities containing a fluid which serves as nutrient for nerve cells, They contain cerebrospinal fluid, which is also located in the ependymal canal of the spinal cord, Two of them (the lateral ventricles) lie inside the cerebral hemispheres

The frontal lobe is anterior to the central sulcus, The parietal lobe is posterior to the frontal lobe and separated from it by the central sulcus, Below the frontal lobe and separated from it by the lateral sulcus, lies the temporal lobe, Posterior to each hemisphere, lies the occipital lobe

The basal nuclei – control muscle tone, The limbic system – centres if pleasure and of punishment, The reticular formation (bulb, pons and mesencephalon) – stimulation of cognitive processes

They are responsible for sensations, feelings and emotions, The area responsible for the sense of smell is located deep inside the cerebral hemispheres, The areas for the sense of hearing are located in the temporal lobe, which is also responsible for the auditory and visual memory

It is situated in the frontal lobe, Contains large pyramidal neurons which generate impulses transmitted along the corticospinal tract, The frontal lobe, in Broca’s area, is responsible for the motor activity connected to speech and language processing, Due to the crossing over of the corticospinal tracts, the impulses received from the left hemisphere control the motor activity of the body’s right side

It acts involuntarily without conscious control, It coordinates the homeostatic functions of certain viscera, such as the heart, Parasympathetic nerves relax the body after a situation of stress or danger

Activate the body for fight or flight („fight or flight” reaction), Its neurotransmitter is represented by noradrenalin released from postganglionic fibres, Prepares the body for emergency situations

Induces the relaxation of the body after a situation of stress or danger, Contains cholinergic postganglionic fibres (which use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter), Its preganglionic neurons are located at cranio-sacral level (in the cerebral trunk, respectively in the sacral spinal cord)

Acceleration of the heart rate, Relaxation of the bronchi, Decreased stimulation of salivation

Slowing down of the heart rate and dilatation of the arteries, Constriction of the pupil, Stimulation of the digestion, Contraction of the urinary bladder