They are in number of two, located at the bottom of the kidneys, They have a cortical (outer) part and a medullar (inner) part

The cortex secretes glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones, The outermost part of the gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone, The hormones of the cortex contribute to the regulation of the mineral and energy balance

Are mainly represented by cortisol, Influence carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, Have an anti-inflammatory effect

Some of them influence carbohydrate metabolism (cortisol), Mineralocorticoids regulate sodium balance in the body, Sex hormones increase the amount of hormones produced by the gonads

It represents the innermost part of the adrenal gland, It secretes hormones with complementary action to that of the sympathetic nervous system, Its hormones are represented by adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Amine hormones, with complementary action to that of the sympathetic nervous system, Catecholamines, which act in consonance with the sympathetic nervous system, Catecholamines: adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

To prepare the body for a sustained physical effort, Are involved in emergency responses, To prepare the body for the „fight or flight” response

It is situated behind the sternum, It secretes thymosin

It is secreted by the pineal gland, It is believed to regulate the secretion of other hormones, It influences the circadian rhythm (the day – night cycle)

Adenohypophysis – hypophyseal dwarfism, Thyroid – exophthalmic goitre, Adrenal cortex – Addison disease

Somatotropic hormone (STH) stimulates body growth, Thyroid hormones, amine hormones can be synthesized only when food contains a proper iodine contents, Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a tropic hormone and stimulates testicular interstitial cell maturation, Glucocorticoids are represented mainly by cortisol

The epiphysis is situated in the mesencephalon, on the superior wall of ventricle III, The hypophysis is situated in the lower part of the encephalon, The pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are involved in emergency situations („fight or flight”), Glucocorticoids regulate protein and carbohydrate metabolism, Melatonin can influence the reproductive organs, especially the ovaries

Pancreas – glucagon – glycogen breakdown in the liver, Adrenal cortex – mineralocorticoids – regulation of sodium balance, Epiphysis – melatonin – influencing the day-night cycle

Digestive endocrine cells can be located in the epithelium that lines the stomach or the small bowel, Kidney cells produce a hormone called erythropoietin which stimulates haematopoiesis, The liver, the lungs and the kidneys can secrete small amounts of prostaglandins

ATP is transformed into AMPC under the action of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, Unbinding an ATP molecule, with the subsequent formation of ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule, releases energy (7.3 kilocalories/ATP mol)

Parathormone hypersecretion – low bone density, Myxoedema – thyroxine and triiodothyronine deficiency

High number of insulin receptors – type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cretinism – defective growth, normal intellect, Parotid tumour – parathormone hypersecretion

Low insulin quantity, its absence or reduced number of insulin receptors indicate diabetes (type 1, type 2), In diabetes, the kidney facilitates the elimination of excessive blood glucose through urine, The excretion of glucose through urine happens in parallel with the increase of the eliminated water quantity and the dilution of urine

An overall lack of energy in the entire body, Excessive thirst, The excretion of excessive blood glucose through urine, Increased quantity of water excreted by the kidneys and, implicitly, increased urine volume

Glucocorticoid hyposecretion, Mineralocorticoid hyposecretion

It occurs as a consequence of glucocorticoid hypersecretion, It is accompanied by facial plethora and high blood pressure, It is accompanied by generalized weak muscle tone

Cushing syndrome – glucocorticoid hypersecretion – high blood pressure, Addison’s disease – glucocorticoid hyposecretion – low blood pressure, Graves disease – thyroxine hypersecretion - exophthalmia

Maltase, maltose, glycine, secretin, haemoglobin, Phosphocreatine, histone, acetylcholine, prostaglandins, epinephrine, Rh factor, fibrin, thromboplastin, cholecystokinin