Chapter 6 (komplett)

50問 • 1年前

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Choose the correct statement(s) referring to the digestive system:

Consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, It is responsible for the breaking down the large molecules in food into small molecules and for the absorption of small molecules, of water and of minerals in the body

The following statement(s) referring to the digestive system is/are not true:

It is a part of the gastrointestinal tract, The tubular organs which make it up are represented by the salivary glands and the liver, One of its functions is the regulation of blood plasma volume

Which of the anatomical structures below belong to the digestive system?

The oral cavity, the oesophagus, the large bowel, The stomach, the small bowel, the large bowel, The parotid glands, the liver, the pancreas

The following structures are a part of the gastrointestinal tract:

The oral cavity (mouth) and the pharynx – the first segments of the gastrointestinal tract, The oesophagus, situated in the continuation of the pharynx, The large bowel, the terminal segment of the gastrointestinal tract

The tunics of the gastrointestinal tract are:

The external tunic – the serous layer (the visceral layer of the peritoneum), The submucosa, located exterior to the mucosa, The submucosa, which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

The smooth muscles in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract play the following roles:

The circular ones reduce its diameter during contraction, The longitudinal ones shorten its length during contraction

The external tunic of the gastrointestinal tract:

Is also called the serosa or serous layer, Is represented by the visceral peritoneum which, together with the parietal one delimit the intraperitoneal cavity, Has a double-stratified extension – the mesentery – which supports most of the abdominal organs

The walls of the gastrointestinal tract consist of the following tunics:

The mucosa – the innermost tunic, which contains enzyme and mucus secreting glands, The submucosa – which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves, The serosa – which secretes a fluid that lubricates the external surface of the organs and allows them to slide freely

Choose the false statements referring to the external runic of the gastrointestinal tract:

It consists of the parietal peritoneum, continuing with the visceral peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity, It consists of a double-stratified mesentery, It contains mucus-secreting glands which serve to protect the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract

The visceral peritoneum:

Forms the external tunic of the gastrointestinal tract, Is continuous with the parietal peritoneum, Contains cells that secrete a fluid which lubricates the external surface of the organs, Together with the parietal peritoneum, they form a space called „peritoneal cavity”

The following statements referring to the oral cavity are false:

It communicates anteriorly with the oropharynx and it has no gustatory function, The palate of the oral cavity consists of the hard palate and the soft palate, It mixes food with gastric secretions, and it has a gustatory and a masticatory function

The functions of the oral cavity are as follows:

Ingestion of food, Gustatory function, Mechanical digestion of food, Lubrication of food

Choose the statements which contain two true assertions, both referring to anatomical characteristics of certain structures of the oral cavity:

The canines have a conical shape. The tongue consists of striated muscles, The basic structure of a tooth consists of the crown, the neck and the root. The external surface of a tooth is covered with enamel

In the oral cavity:

Incisors cut large pieces of food, Canines grab and tear food, Premolars and molars cut food into smaller pieces/grind food

In the oral cavity:

The tongue turns food into food bolus with the help of saliva, Teeth carry out the mechanical digestion of food, Food is mixed with salivary secretions

Choose the true statement(s) referring to the teeth:

The milk teeth are 20 in number and they are usually lost by the age of 6, being replaced by permanent teeth, Permanent teeth form 32 pairs and replace deciduous teeth, Teeth consist of incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Choose the correct association referring to the teeth:

Canines – conical shape – grabbing and tearing food, Premolars – flat teeth – cutting into smaller pieces/grinding food, Molars – flat teeth - cutting food into smaller pieces

Dental enamel:

Is one of a tooth’s main components, Is the toughest substance in the body, Mainly consists in calcium salts (major component of hydroxyapatite)

Dental enamel: false statements:

Is covered by the tooth’s crown and covers dentin, It is very hard, but not as hard as dentin, Forms the largest part of the tooth

Dentin:

Is one of the tooth’s main components, Is softer than dental enamel, Surrounds the tooth’s pulp, being located inferior to the enamel

Dentin – false statements:

Mainly consists of hydroxyapatite, having the same hardness as enamel, Contains blood vessels, nerves and the tooth’s connective tissue

Dental pulp:

Is located inside the tooth, in the pulp cavity, Is surrounded by dentin, covered by enamel, Contains blood vessels, nerves and the tooth’s connective tissue

The following statement(s) is/are true about the palate – the structure the forms the roof of the mouth:

It consists of a hard anterior part and a soft back part, The uvula represents a conic projection of the soft palate

Choose the false statements about the pharynx and the oesophagus:

The oesophagus is the first segment which displays the three layers of the gastrointestinal tract, The oesophagus extends to the pyloric sphincter, where the stomach begins

The tonsils:

Consist in a bundle of lymphatic tissue located in the mucosa, Are of three types: palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, Belong to the lymphatic system, Have a role in the body’s defence

The following statement(s) is/are false about the tonsils:

They are bundles of smooth muscle tissue, The enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsil results in the formation of palatine masses, They secrete enzymes and mucus which play a role in digestion

Swallowing requires coordinated activities of:

The tongue, which pushes the food bolus into the pharynx, The soft palate, the pharynx and the oesophagus, The oesophagus which pushes the food bolus to the stomach

The following statement(s) is/are true about deglutition and peristalsis:

During deglutition, the tongue elevates and presses the bolus to the hard palate, pushing it towards the pharynx, Once it passes the epiglottis which covers the larynx, the food bolus enters the oesophagus, Oesophageal peristalsis refers to the occurrence of contraction waves of the oesophageal smooth muscle layer (waves which push the food bolus to the stomach)

Choose the true statement(s) referring to the salivary glands:

They are considered accessory organs of the digestive system, The largest salivary gland is the parotid gland, a paired gland, Salivary amylase is the enzyme secreted by the salivary gland serosa

Salivary glands have the following functions:

The saliva they produce facilitates the lubrication and cohesion of food particles, They secrete enzymes which initiate the carbohydrate digestion process, They are responsible for amylase secretion, an enzyme which turns starch and glycogen into disaccharides (maltose)

The following statement(s) is/are true about salivary amylase:

It initiates the processes of chemical digestion of starch molecules until the stage of disaccharides, It is secreted by the serous cells of the salivary glands, It breaks down starch and glycogen to the stage of maltose

The large salivary glands:

Contain amylase-secreting serous cells, Contain the parotid duct (the parotid gland), Are represented by the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

The following statement(s) is/are true about the secretions of the salivary glands:

They are represented by saliva, which contains amylase and mucus, They are produced by mucous cells, The facilitate the binding of food particles (with the help of the mucus), They lubricate food contributing to the formation of the food bolus

Choose the true statement(s) referring to the stomach:

It extends from the cardiac sphincter to the pyloric sphincter, It is a „J” -shaped organ, It communicates with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter

The following structures belong to the stomach:

Convex lateral surface – the large curvature, and the medial surface – the lesser curvature, The fundus (fornix) and the body (the main part), The pyloric antrum, a narrow distal part

The stomach has the following functions:

The absorption of small amounts of water, glucose, ions and alcohol by the gastric mucosa, The secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells, To evacuate the gastric chyme into the small bowel through the pyloric sphincter

The enzymes in the gastric juice which ensure protein digestion are represented by:

Pepsin, secreted in inactive form and which will be subsequently activated by the hydrochloric acid, Labferment (produced only in the stomach of infants, but not in adults) coagulates the proteins in milk

Choose the statements describe correctly the position of the oesophagus and of the stomach in the body:

The stomach is situated in the upper left part of the abdomen, The oesophagus penetrates the diaphragm through the oesophageal hiatus, The stomach lies with its medial concave surface (the lesser curvature) oriented towards the liver

The following statement(s) is/are true about the gastric chyme:

It is a fluid mixture, It results from the mixing and breakdown of the food bolus under the action of the muscle layers in the stomach wall, Its expulsion into the small bowel, where most of the digestion takes place, is done through the pyloric sphincter

Gastric juice contains:

Hydrochloric acid, water, ions, Pepsin, which breaks large proteins down into peptides, Mucus, which protects the stomach wall against autodigestion

Which of the elements below belong(s) to the small bowel?

The duodenum, the first segment, where the gastric chyme is expelled from the stomach, The jejunum and ileum, the main site of absorption, The jejunum of about 2.5 metres and the ileum of about 3.5 – 4 metres long

The following statement(s) is/are true referring to the internal surface of the jejunum and ileum:

It is increased due to the presence of thousands of villi and microvilli, It has projections of the mucosa which contain blood capillaries and central lymphatic capillary (lacteal), It has villi and microvilli (the latter being electron microscopic projections of the cell membranes in the mucosa)

Which of the following enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion?

Pancreatic amylase, which digests starch and yields maltose, Lactase, a disaccharide which produces glucose and galactose

Choose the true statement(s) about lipid digestion:

Bile emulsifies small lipid droplets, called mycelia, Mycelia are the forms under which fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported, The emulsification process facilitates lipase action

The large bowel consists of:

The cecum and the vermiform appendix, The ascending colon which lies vertically on the right of the abdomen, The transverse colon which horizontally crosses the abdomen, near the stomach and the spleen

Choose the correct associations from below:

Vermiform appendix – vermicular projection – vestigial organs, Ascending colon – vertical position – extending to the inferior border of the liver, Descending colon – continues the transverse colon – starts at the splenic flexure

The functions of the large bowel include:

Water absorption, about 300-400 ml daily, Ion absorption (mainly Na+), The formation of faeces which will be discharged by defecation

Choose the true statement(s) referring to the liver:

It is situated under the diaphragm and it is divided into four lobes: right, left, quadrate and caudate, Produces bile deposited in the gall bladder, The lobes of the liver are subdivided into lobules which contain hepatocytes and macrophages

The functions of the liver are:

Glycogen deposition by glycogenogenesis, when glucose blood level is high, The site of gluconeogenesis, when blood sugar levels are low, Vitamin deposition such as vitamins A, B12, D, E, K

The following statement(s) referring to the pancreas is/are true:

It is situated in the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach, It contains cells that contribute to digestion and are organised in acini, Communicates with the duodenum via two ducts (the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct)

Chapter 1 (komplett)

X · 50問 · 1年前

Chapter 1 (komplett)

50問 • 1年前

Chapter 1 (A)