Tourism Platforms

17問 • 1年前

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French for "leave it be" theory assumes that an industry such as tourism, will function best when it is left solely to market focus - This means that the government does not intervene in terms of policy, plan, regulations, guidelines, codes or standard. - This theory tend to encourage the growth tourism businesses but an emphasis on the economic returns (profit & taxes), that has caused the rapid deterioration of many destinations due to abusive and environmental exploitation.

Laissez Faire Theory

Assumes that tourism contributes to the economic progress and transformation of “traditional” societies into modern ones. - Tourism improves the standard of living of the residents through the transfer of technology, improvement of knowledge and skills, and the adoption of “Western culture”. - International tourism creates demands for imported goods and services, more efficient transportation systems, and comfortable lodging facilities. Such upgrading also benefits the local residents - However, the advocates of modernization tend to think of new as better that old. This can lead to destruction of heritage-rich places or old buildings in favor of “modern structures”. Local cultures may disappear.

Modernization Theory

Similar to modernization, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the improvement of living conditions of all. - Everyone benefits from tourism growth from the hotel manager to the cigarette vendor. - Related to this theory is the concept of “multiplier effect”, where the value of the original tourist expenditure seems to become greater as the money passes hands among the different sectors of the economy.

Trickle-down Theory

In other words, the tourist expenditure not only supports the tourist directly but helps indirectly to support many other businesses In this way, money may be said to be used several times and to spread into various sectors of the economy. In summary, the money paid by the tourist may be used several times and after a long series of transfers over a given period of time, passes through all sectors of the national economy, stimulating each in turn throughout the process. In other words, the tourist expenditure not only supports the tourist directly but helps indirectly to support many other businesses In this way, money may be said to be used several times and to spread into various sectors of the economy.

Multiplier Effect

The economy functions best when there is minimal government intervention. - This theory accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects the government competing with the private sector by being a business operator itself. - In the context of Philippine tourism, ______ would manifest in the deregulation of the airline industry and the privatization of government- controlled tourism assets.

Neoliberal Theory

Views tourism as a bad thing & decries the negative effects of mass tourism. - Tourism jobs are low- paying and very seasonal. - Interaction between tourists and residents can lead to “xenophobia”, which is the “excessive & irrational fear/anger toward anything “foreign”

CAUTIONARY PLATFORM

States that tourism can actually worsen the “Third World” countries because the “First World” countries exploit the resources of the latter â–ª Destinations depend on foreign countries for technology know-how and products to satisfy the demands of international tourists

â–ª Dependency Theory

States that resident’s attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle. ______ predicts that resident’s feelings will change from euphoria, apathy, annoyance and finally antagonism as tourism moves from introduction, growth, maturity and decline stages. A related concept is social carrying capacity, which has something to do with the ability of residents of a destination to tolerate and manage the social effect of visitations. - Planners must incorporate measures to prevent undue stress on the host residents brought about by the influx of tourists.

Doxey (1975) irritation index

This platform acknowledges that mass tourism has negative impacts, but these can be minimized or avoided with “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999). - Which refers to low- volume, low impact forms of tourism. - There are 2 sets of what may constitute alternative tourism:

ADAPTANCY PLATFORM

Views tourism from a holistic perspective; not just from the impacts and forms of but in terms of underlying structures and Functions. - This platforms supports a critical analysis of tourism and is not inclined to labeling certain forms of tourism - Under this platform, mass tourism, when managed properly, may be sustainable, while eco-tourism when mis-managed, may be unsustainable. - In other words, any form of tourism is neither innately bad nor good. - Sustainable tourism development concept, whose principles include the need for education & research, conforms to this platform.

knowledge-based platform

That the main purpose of tourism is to be an agent of positive change and to defend the weak. - Forms of tourism that exhibit these principles are accessible tourism (tourism for persons with disabilities).

Social Justice Platform

______ planning only as the need arises. - In this case, planning is done on a piecemeal basis and there is no established tourism agenda at all. - ____ planning is related to issue-based planning, whereby planning is driven by issues that emerge from time to time.

Ad-hoc Planning

When tourism is developed and planned as an integrated system within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in the area. - This implies that tourism must be compatible with existing economic activities and the values of the local residents.

INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING

Practical illustration of ________ in tourism is reflected in the transportation system in the UK, whereby airports, trains and bus lines are within the walking distance of each other. - One can easily buy a day pass on the hop-on/ hop-off buses which will take you around the London.

INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING

Sees tourism as a positive for economic development. - Its primary goal is to maximize tourism revenues through mass tourism. - The main strategies are to expand tourism physical capacity and conduct heavy international promotion campaigns. - Primary indicator of success are increasing tourist arrivals and receipts on the demand side and number of hotel rooms and air seats on the supply side.

BOOSTERIST APPROACH

(5) TOURISM PLATFORMS (Jafari 2001)

Social Justice Advocacy Cautionary Adaptancy Knowledge-Based

Another useful concept in tourism planning is the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC). The LAC approach attempts to delimit the conditions that are deemed ideal for an area and sets up management strategies to achieve the conditions. Unlike the carrying capacity concept, which tries to establish ceiling values, LAC tries to set a range (minimum & maximum values) for a given factor in terms of social, ecological, physical and economic impacts which are considered as acceptable.

Environmental Approach

DM Module 6 Part 1 - Management of Visitors

Saint Thomas Aquinas! · 39問 · 1年前

DM Module 6 Part 1 - Management of Visitors