BME1101 M5 Designs of Goods and Services

62問 • 1年前

問題一覧

the objective of ____ is to develop and implement a product strategy that meets the demands of the marketplace with a competitive advantage

product decision

3 product strategy options

differentiation, low cost, rapid response

• May be any length from a few days to decades • The operations function must be able to introduce new products successfully

product life cycle

Product Strategy Options : differentiation

shouldpice hospital

Product Strategy Options : low cost

taco bell

Product Strategy Options: Rapid Response

toyota

Life Cycle and Strategy (1)

Introductory Phase

Life Cycle and Strategy Introductory Phase • Fine tuning may warrant unusual expenses for (4)

1. Research 2. Product development 3. Process modification and enhancement 4. Supplier development

3 Product Life Cycle

growth phase, maturity phase, and decline phase

• Product design begins to stabilize • Effective forecasting of capacity becomes necessary • Adding or enhancing capacity may be necessary

growth phase

• Competitors now established • High volume, innovative production may be needed • Improved cost control, reduction in options, paring down of product line

maturity phase

• Unless product makes a special contribution to the organization, management must plan to terminate offering

decline phase

- Lists products in descending order of their individual dollar contribution to the firm • Lists the total annual dollar contribution of the product • Helps management evaluate alternative strategies

Product-by-value-analysis

Generating new products (6)

1. Understanding the customer 2. Economic change 3. Sociological and demographic change 4. Technological change 5. Political and legal change 6. Market practice, professional standards, suppliers, distributors

Quality Function Deployment (2)

• Quality function deployment (QFD) • House of quality

– Determine what will satisfy the customer – Translate those customer desires into the target design

• Quality function deployment (QFD)

Utilize a planning matrix to relate customer wants to how the firm is going to meet those wants

House of quality

(7) Quality Function Deployment

1. Identify customer wants 2. Identify how the good/service will satisfy customer wants 3. Relate customer wants to product hows 4. Identify relationships between the firm’s hows 5. Develop our importance ratings 6. Evaluate competing products 7. Compare performance to desirable technical attributes

Deploying resources through the organization in response to customer requirements

House of Quality Sequence

Organizing for Product Development (6)

Traditionally – distinct departments • A Champion • Team approach • Japanese “whole organization” approach • Product development teams • Concurrent engineering

– Duties and responsibilities are defined – Difficult to foster forward thinking

traditionally distinct departments

Product manager drives the product through the product development system and related organizations

A champion

– Cross functional – representatives from all disciplines or functions – Product development teams, design for manufacturability teams, value engineering teams

team aproach

No organizational divisions

Japanese “whole organization” approach

– Market requirements to product success – Cross-functional teams often involving vendors – Open, highly participative environment

Product development teams

– Simultaneous performance of product development stages – Speedier product development – Facilitated by cross-functional teams

concurrent engineering

– Simultaneous performance of product development stages – Speedier product development – Facilitated by cross-functional teams

concurrent engineering

Manufacturability and Value Engineering (7 benefits)

1. Reduced complexity of the product 2. Reduction of environmental impact 3. Additional standardization of components 4. Improvement of functional aspects of the product 5. Improved job design and job safety 6. Improved maintainability (serviceability) of the product 7. Robust design

7 for product design

• Robust design • Modular design • Computer-aided design (CAD) • Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) • Virtual reality technology • Value analysis • Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Product is designed so that small variations in production or assembly do not adversely affect the product • Typically results in lower cost and higher quality

robust design

• Products designed in easily segmented components • Adds flexibility to both production and marketing • Improved ability to satisfy customer requirements

modular design

• Using computers to design products and prepare engineering documentation • Shorter development cycles, improved accuracy, lower cost • Information and designs can be deployed worldwide

computer aided design (CAD)

• 3D Object Modeling – Small prototype development • Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) – Solve manufacturing problems during the design stage • CAD through the Internet • International data exchange through STEP • 3D printing

Extensions for CAD

Utilizing specialized computers and program to control manufacturing equipment • Often driven by the CAD system (CAD/CAM) • Additive manufacturing – Extension of CAD that builds products by adding material layer upon layer

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Utilizing specialized computers and program to control manufacturing equipment • Often driven by the CAD system (CAD/CAM) • Additive manufacturing – Extension of CAD that builds products by adding material layer upon layer

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

1. Product quality 2. Shorter design time 3. Production cost reductions 4. Database availability 5. New range of capabilities

Benefits of CAD/CAM

Benefits of CAD/CAM(5)

1. Product quality 2. Shorter design time 3. Production cost reductions 4. Database availability 5. New range of capabilities

• A visual form of communication in which images substitute for reality and typically allow the user to respond interactively • Allows people to ‘see’ the finished design before a physical model is built • Very effective in large-scale designs such as plant layout

virtual reality technology

• The integration of digital information with the user's environment in real time – Digital information or images superimposed on an existing image – Useful in product design, assembly and maintenance operations, tool or specification information

augmented reality

• Focuses on design improvement during production • Seeks improvements leading either to a better product or a product that can be produced more economically with less environmental impact

value analysis

• Focuses on design improvement during production • Seeks improvements leading either to a better product or a product that can be produced more economically with less environmental impact

value analysis

Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs • LCA is a formal evaluation of the environmental impact of a product

Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Product Development Continuum (6)

• Product life cycles are becoming shorter and the rate of technological change is increasing • Developing new products faster can result in a competitive advantage • Time-based competition • Purchasing technology by acquiring a firm • Joint Ventures

– Speeds development – Issues concern the fit between the acquired organization and product and the host

purchasing technology by aquiring a firm

– Both organizations learn – Risks are shared

joint ventures

– Cooperative agreements between independent organizations – Useful when technology is developing – Reduces risks Product Development Continuum

Alliance

– Cooperative agreements between independent organizations – Useful when technology is developing – Reduces risks

alliance

First definition is in terms of functions • Rigorous specifications are developed during the design phase • Manufactured products will have an engineering drawing • Bill of material (BOM) lists the components of a product

defining a product

product documents (2)

engineering drawing and bill of material

– Shows dimensions, tolerances, and materials – Shows codes for Group Technology product documents

engineering drawing

– Lists components, quantities, and where used – Shows product structure product documents

bill of material

• Produce components themselves or buy from an outside source • Variations in – Quality – Cost – Delivery schedules • Critical to product definition

make or buy decisions

• Parts grouped into families with similar characteristics • Coding system describes processing and physical characteristics • Part families can be produced in dedicated manufacturing cells

group technology

group tech benefits

1. Improved design 2. Reduced raw material and purchases 3. Simplified production planning and control 4. Improved layout, routing, and machine loading 5. Reduced tooling setup time, work-in-process, and production time

Documents for Production

• Assembly drawing • Assembly chart • Route sheet • Work order • Engineering change notices (ECNs)

• Shows exploded view of product • Details relative locations to show how to assemble the product

assembly drawing

Identifies the point of production where components flow into subassemblies and ultimately into the final product

assembly chart

Lists the operations and times required to produce a component

route sheet

Instructions to produce a given quantity of a particular item, usually to a schedule

work order

• A correction or modification to a product’s definition or documentation – Engineering drawings – Bill of material Quite common with long product life cycles, long manufacturing lead times, or rapidly changing technologies

Engineering Change Notice (ECN)

The need to manage ECNs has led to the development of configuration management systems • A product’s planned and changing components are accurately identified • Control and accountability for change are identified and maintained

configuration management

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