CHAPTER-5

69問 • 1年前

ユーザ名非公開

通報

問題一覧

prevention of disease and promotion of health

aim of epidemiology

often considered as the key scientific underpinning of public health practice

epidemiology

prevention of disease and promotion of health

epidemiology

public health problems or events that are investigated

environmental exposure, infectious disease, injuries, non infectious disease, natural disaster, terrorism

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations

epidemiology

refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population.

frequency

refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person.

pattern

Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of

descriptive epidemiology

the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events.

determinants

concerned about the health of an individual

clinicians

concerned about the collective health of the people in a community or population

epidemiologist

clinician's "patient" is the ______

individual

epidemiologist "patient" is the ______

community

what scientific methods that epidemiologist uses?

descriptive and analytic epidemiology

Uses of epidemiologic methods

assesing communities health, making individual decisions, completing the clinical picture, searching for causes

use epidemiologic information to make daily decisions affecting their health

making individual decisions

epidemiologist rely on health care providers and laboratorians to establish the proper diagnosis of individual patients

completing the clinical picture

searching for causal factors that influence one's risk of disease

searching for causes

Five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice in mid-1980's

public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, linkages, policy development

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action.

public health surveillance

the equivalent to monitoring the pulse of the community.

surveillance

aka "information for action"

public health surveillance

accomplished through the systematic collection and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant health information

public health surveillance

investigations often lead to the identification of additional unreported or unrecognized ill persons who might otherwise continue to spread infection to others.

field investigation

surveillance and field investigations providing clues or hypotheses about causes and modes of transmission, and analytic studies evaluating the credibility of those hypotheses.

analytic studies

lead to the identification of additional unreported or unrecognized ill person who might otherwise spread the infection to others

field investigation

identify the cause, node of transmission and appropriate control and prevention measures

analytic studies

the process of determining, as systematically and objectively as possible, the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with respect to established goals.

evaluation

the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in the field.

effectiveness

the ability to produce results under ideal conditions.

efficacy

the ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources.

efficiency

Epidemiologists working in public health settings rarely act in isolation.

linkages

the "team sport"

linkages

the application of this study to the control of health problems.

policy development

the 5w's in descriptive epidemiology

what, who, where, when, why/ how

concerned with the cause and effect or the why and the how

analytic epidemiology

the investigator determines through a controlled process the exposure for each individual

experimental studies

the epidemiologist simply observes the exposure and disease status of each study participant.

observational studies

the epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest

cohort study

participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest.

follow up or prospective cohort studies

the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred

retrospective cohort studies

investigators start by enrolling a group of people with disease (cases). As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls).

case control study

a sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously

cross sectional study

tends to assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of time without regard to duration.

cross sectional study

a perfectly fine tool for descriptive epidemiology purposes.

cross sectional study

originally referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen

agent

refers to the human who can get the disease.

host

refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure.

environment

a model used to account for multifactoral nature of causation for non-infectious diseases

causal pies

individual factors (piece of pie) that cause disease

component causes

the complete pie

sufficient causes

component that appears in every pie or pathway

necessary causes

the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community

epidemic

refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

epidemic

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

sporadic

refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence

hyperendemic

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

epidemic

carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area

outbreak

refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be know

cluster

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

pandemic

the result of fluctuations around a true value because of sampling variability

random error

aka bias

systematic error

occurs when there is a difference between the true value (in the population) and the observed value (in the study) from any cause other than sampling variability.

systematic error

defined as any systematic error in an epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease

bias

occurs when study subjects are selected or become part of the study as a result of a third, unmeasured variable which is associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest.

selection bias

arising from systematic error in the assessment of a variable

information bias

traditionally been defined as bias arising from the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors

confounding

referred to as confounders, with the main effect(s) of interest.

confounding

particularly susceptible to the effects of chance

bias and confounding

CHAPTER-9

CHAPTER-9

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3

HIS 3-5

HIS 3-5

BIOSTAT 2-3-6

BIOSTAT 2-3-6

BIOSTAT- 1

BIOSTAT- 1

ANACHEM M3

ANACHEM M3

ANACHEM M4

ANACHEM M4

HIS MOD 9-11

HIS MOD 9-11

earth origin

earth origin

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER- 7

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER- 7

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER-8

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER-8

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER-9

BIOSTAT-CHAPTER-9

ANACHEM CHAP 9

ANACHEM CHAP 9

ANACHEM CHAP 10

ANACHEM CHAP 10

Oral com

Oral com

CHAPTER 9 (mod-12-13)

ユーザ名非公開 · 56問 · 1年前

CHAPTER 9 (mod-12-13)

POT UNIT 4

POT UNIT 4

BIOSTAT CHAP 10

BIOSTAT CHAP 10

ANACHEM 11-12

ANACHEM 11-12

問題一覧

prevention of disease and promotion of health

aim of epidemiology

often considered as the key scientific underpinning of public health practice

epidemiology

prevention of disease and promotion of health

epidemiology

public health problems or events that are investigated

environmental exposure, infectious disease, injuries, non infectious disease, natural disaster, terrorism

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations

epidemiology

refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population.

frequency

refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person.

pattern

Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of

descriptive epidemiology

the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events.

determinants

concerned about the health of an individual

clinicians

concerned about the collective health of the people in a community or population

epidemiologist

clinician's "patient" is the ______

individual

epidemiologist "patient" is the ______

community

what scientific methods that epidemiologist uses?

descriptive and analytic epidemiology

Uses of epidemiologic methods

assesing communities health, making individual decisions, completing the clinical picture, searching for causes

use epidemiologic information to make daily decisions affecting their health

making individual decisions

epidemiologist rely on health care providers and laboratorians to establish the proper diagnosis of individual patients

completing the clinical picture

searching for causal factors that influence one's risk of disease

searching for causes

Five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice in mid-1980's

public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, linkages, policy development

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action.

public health surveillance

the equivalent to monitoring the pulse of the community.

surveillance

aka "information for action"

public health surveillance

accomplished through the systematic collection and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant health information

public health surveillance

investigations often lead to the identification of additional unreported or unrecognized ill persons who might otherwise continue to spread infection to others.

field investigation

surveillance and field investigations providing clues or hypotheses about causes and modes of transmission, and analytic studies evaluating the credibility of those hypotheses.

analytic studies

lead to the identification of additional unreported or unrecognized ill person who might otherwise spread the infection to others

field investigation

identify the cause, node of transmission and appropriate control and prevention measures

analytic studies

the process of determining, as systematically and objectively as possible, the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with respect to established goals.

evaluation

the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in the field.

effectiveness

the ability to produce results under ideal conditions.

efficacy

the ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources.

efficiency

Epidemiologists working in public health settings rarely act in isolation.

linkages

the "team sport"

linkages

the application of this study to the control of health problems.

policy development

the 5w's in descriptive epidemiology

what, who, where, when, why/ how

concerned with the cause and effect or the why and the how

analytic epidemiology

the investigator determines through a controlled process the exposure for each individual

experimental studies

the epidemiologist simply observes the exposure and disease status of each study participant.

observational studies

the epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest

cohort study

participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest.

follow up or prospective cohort studies

the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred

retrospective cohort studies

investigators start by enrolling a group of people with disease (cases). As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls).

case control study

a sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously

cross sectional study

tends to assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of time without regard to duration.

cross sectional study

a perfectly fine tool for descriptive epidemiology purposes.

cross sectional study

originally referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen

agent

refers to the human who can get the disease.

host

refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure.

environment

a model used to account for multifactoral nature of causation for non-infectious diseases

causal pies

individual factors (piece of pie) that cause disease

component causes

the complete pie

sufficient causes

component that appears in every pie or pathway

necessary causes

the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community

epidemic

refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

epidemic

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

sporadic

refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence

hyperendemic

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

epidemic

carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area

outbreak

refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be know

cluster

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

pandemic

the result of fluctuations around a true value because of sampling variability

random error

aka bias

systematic error

occurs when there is a difference between the true value (in the population) and the observed value (in the study) from any cause other than sampling variability.

systematic error

defined as any systematic error in an epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease

bias

occurs when study subjects are selected or become part of the study as a result of a third, unmeasured variable which is associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest.

selection bias

arising from systematic error in the assessment of a variable

information bias

traditionally been defined as bias arising from the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors

confounding

referred to as confounders, with the main effect(s) of interest.

confounding

particularly susceptible to the effects of chance

bias and confounding