Digestive system

64問 • 1年前

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generally serves the same fundamental purpose: breaking down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

digestive system

The seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth.

PREHENSION

beak

Birds

- tongue and lower incisors

Cattle

- Lips and teeth

Horse and Sheep

complete set of incisors and molar

Swine

Chewing, mechanical breakdown of feeds into finer particles. It allows the feed to be well mixed with saliva to facilitate swallowing.

MASTICATION

Mixing of feed with Saliva. Greatest during feeding, mastication, re-mastication in ruminants.

INSALIVATION

The mechanical breakdown of feed and consequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria and protozoa. Breakdown of feed particles into suitable product for absorption. (Mechanical forces, chemical action, enzyme activity)

DIGESTION

the act of swallowing and it is divided into three stages:

DEGLUTITION

Stage

oral stage pharyngeal stage esophageal stage

Voluntary stage where food is chewed, mixed with saliva, and formed into a bolus. The tongue moves the bolus to the back of the mouth, preparing it for swallowing

oral stage

are biological molecules, primarily proteins, that act as catalysts in living organisms.

Enzymes

Enzyme in Stomach/Abomasum/Proventriculus

Pepsin

- protein to polypeptides

Pepsin

secreted to the duodenum

pancreas

Pancreatic enzymes

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin , and Carboxypeptidase

- which converts protein into peptides and amino acid.

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase

The transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory system. Nutrients are broken down to very small molecules

ABSOPTION

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule

monosaccharide

Composed of two monosaccharide units linked together by a glycosidic bond.

Disaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharide units linked together, often containing hundreds to thousands of sugar molecules.

Polysaccharides

Types of carbohydrates

monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

- basic unit, building block of protein

Amino acid

Peptides consisting of 2 amino acids.

Dipeptides

Peptides made of 3 amino acids.

Tripeptides

: Peptides with a few amino acids (generally between 2 and 20 amino acids).

Oligopeptides

: Longer peptides, generally with more than 20 amino acids, though they are still shorter than full-length proteins.

Polypeptides

consisting of hundreds or even thousands of amino acids.

Protein

PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AN THEIR FUCTIONS

Mouth and Buccal cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

- which is the formation od ball of feed out of masticated feed particles

bolus

The main functions are for prehension, mastication, and insalivation.

Mouth and Buccal cavity

- common passage for air and feed, inspired air crosses the pharynx to enter the larynx while the feed crosses the pharynx to enter the esophagus.

Pharynx

- a muscular tube which connects the stomach to mouth.

Esophagus

- a muscular organ which is the site of feed storage, grinding and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial fermentation

Stomach

The primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It consists of three parts

Small Intestine

3 parts of small intestine

duodenum jejunum ileum

- Receives bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion.

Duodenum

- middle section, Mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients.

Jejunum

- the last section, Absorbs remaining nutrients and bile salts; connects to the large intestine.

lleum

Absorbs water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter; forms and stores feces.

Large Intestine

first section which are relatively large in horse and rabbit. Well developed in horse that contains many bacterial which produce enzymes that digest fiber.

Cecum

3 parts of large intestine

Cecum Colon Rectum

-middle section which involved in reabsorption of water.

Colon

last section of large intestine

Rectum

THE ACCESSORY GLAND

Salivary Gland Pancreas Liver

- provide mucus that aids the swallowing process.

Salivary Gland

Produce digestive enzymes needed in the digestive processes that takes place in the small intestine.

Pancreas

- Secretes bile needed in the emulsification of the fat in the small intestine.

Liver

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF STOMACH

1. Monogastric or Simple stomach II. Modified Simple stomach III. Ruminants or Compound stomach

one compartment stomach (swine and horse)

Monogastric or Simple stomach

the digestive pathway for feeds in monogastrics is

Mouth esophagus simple stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus

can be found in poultry species with the following modifications:

Modified Simple stomach

The Avian GI Tract

mouth esophagus proventriculus gizzard/ventriculus

-corresponds to the true stomach; the site of HCI and pepsin production in the bird

Proventriculus

a muscular area which contains grit; the involuntary muscular contraction aid in the mechanical breakdown of food

Gizzard/ Ventriculus

the main site of microbial fermentation of feeds; the largest of the four compartments; located predominantly on the left side; the muscular walls secrete no enzymes and are covered by projections called papillae which are required for absorption of nutrients

Rumen

Regulates the passage of feed from the rumen to the succeeding compartments Aids in the regurgitation of feed back to the mouth Also a site of microbial fermentation Has 2 functions (1) to move food into the rumen or omasum and (2) collection of dense particles of food and in regurgitation of ingesta during rumination (the process of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth for additional mechanical breakdown-"chewing the cud").

Reticulum

A round muscular organ which contains many muscular laminae (sometimes called manyplies)

Omasum

The true stomach of the ruminants

Abomasum

Rumen also know as

paunch

Reticulum know as

honeycomb

Omasum know as

many plies

Abomasum known as

true stomach

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