: Basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

: Group of cells of the same kind.

: Structure composed of one or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perfume a specific function.

Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function.

 is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.

characteristic of all living to maintain stability, static or constant conditions in internal environment.

Forms the external covering of the body providing protection, preventing desiccation, supplying sensory information about the environment and synthesizing vitamin D.

Functions in support, protection, and movement. Also important in blood cell formation and mineral storage.

: Functions in movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Through its functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output, it quickly helps the animal interact with the internal and external environment.

: Includes blood vessels and the heart, which function to carry nutrient

these produce hormones that help maintain the internal environment.

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and contains phagocytic cells involved in immunity.

Provides oxygen and eliminates CO2.

Assimilation, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients. Provides important immunological barrier against external environment.

: Functions to produce offspring

: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and has an endocrine function.

MRS GREN

is a hypothetical planes used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

plane passing longitudinally through the body or head, dividing it into equal right and left parts.

- plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body, head, limb, or organ which divides it into cranial and caudal parts.

- plane at right angles to the median and transverse planes which divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

Type of Anatomical plane

Type of directional plane

– structures that lie towards or near the median plane (i.e., closer to the middle of the animal)

– structures that lie towards the side of the animal (i.e., away from the median plane)

– towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

– towards or near the belly or lowermost surface of the body and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

– towards the front of the animal (i.e., towards the head)

– towards the rear end or tail of the animal (i.e., away from the head)

– towards the nose; used to describe the position of structures on the head)

– structures or part of the structure that lie away from the main mass of the body or origin (e.g., the free end of the limb)

– structures or part of the structure that lie close to the main mass of the body

– the rear surface of the fore paw that bears the footpads; the opposite surface

3 parts of palmar

– the rear surface of the hind paw that bears the footpads

– the proximity to the surface of the body.

– the proximity to the center of an anatomical structure of the body.