no fertilization

) wrote detailed textbooks on agriculture that described the use of animal manures, green manures and about improvement of soil productivity.

) Ceramicist and hydraulic engineer wrote: "Manure is carried to the field for the purpose of restoring to the latter a part of what had been removed...

two sources of nutrients in the soil:

- derived from the decomposition of plant residues and soil organic matter

- sourced from the addition of fertilizers and manure

acts as a bank for plant nutrients

type of soil

Low in organic matter content and native fertility. Rapidly permeable and do not hold soil moisture.

Permit slower movement of water and are better able to retain moisture and nutrients. Are generally more fertile. Contains more organic matter.

Contains more organic matter. Permit slower movement of water and are better able to retain moisture and nutrients. Are generally more fertile.

Higher nutrient-holding capacity. Higher available water-holding capacity.

The yield response curves for a particular nutrient are asymptotic; when a supply of one nutrient (or other growth factor) is increased, other nutrients (or growth factors) become limiting factors.

, which means they can produce their own food.

is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

; where fruits set without fertilization (in some species), may or may not require pollination but most seedless citrus fruits require stimulus from pollination to produce fruit

Pseudo stand for ? gamy stand for?

where the embryo develops independently, but pollination is necessary for the fertilisation of endosperm nuclei and formation of germinable seeds

is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.

reproductive organ of the plant;

Floral organs that have unique shape and colors to attract pollinators

the axis of a flower to which the other parts are attached

stalk bearing a flower or the main stalk of an inflorescence

Protect the growing bud or flower before it open.

stalk bearing a flower or the main stalk of an inflorescence

Support the anther

Produces pollen

the variously shaped apical part to which the pollen may adhere.

is the female organ of a plant

stalk connecting the ovary to stigma; passageway for pollen

-Holds the eggs awaiting fertilization; becomes the fruit.

"small egg" that grows into a seed after fertilization

- staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants

Pollen Distribution

- insect pollinated flowers

wind pollinated flowers

water pollinated flowers

pollination transferred by animals

bird pollinated flowers

Bat pollinated flower

The young plant that is developing inside the seed coat.

2 parts of embryo

- They are the leaves of the embryo that provide nourishment to the developing plant. (seed leaf)

the main axis of the embryo, which lies next to micropyle

The outermost covering of a seed is the

The seed coat has two layers, the outer ________ and the inner _______

The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called __________

STAGES OF EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN MONOCOT

This single-celled stage follows fusion of the haploid egg and sperm.

This stage occurs 2-4 DAP (Days after pollination)

At 5 DAP, the coleoptile (specialized tubular first leaf), shoot apical meristem, and radicle (embryonic root) form

At 6-10 DAP, the shoot apical meristem initiates several vegetative leaves

During 11-20 DAP, the expression of maturation- related genes precedes the onset of dormancy.

is the process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.

factors which affect germination:

the absorption of water by seed

Standard Germination Test

towel test - Seeds are arranged in rows and rolled up. The rolled material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26 °C for 16 hrs, then another 8 hours at 30°C for one to several weeks.

- Seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil

Seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish.

tolerate drying to as low as 5% seed moisture under common conditions and low storage temperatures

Readily killed by drying, most especially if moisture content falls below the critical value (12- 30%)

easily injured when exposed to low temperatures (seed moisture <10%)

Otherwise known as the Seed Industry Development Act, was enforced in 1992

Seed of a new variety that has the highest purity. It is produced and developed, controlled and provided directly by the breeder or his/her institution for further multiplication.

what is the tag color of breeder seed

propagation of breeder seed mother seed genetic purity = 99.5-99.5% physical purity = 98%

Progeny of the foundation seed grown by selected farmers. It is so handled to maintain genetic purity and identity and it has undergone field and seed inspections to make sure it meets with standards.

Color of foundation seed

Registered color

propagation of foundation seed/ registered seed available for farmers

Certified seed color tag