Is a specialized fluid in the body that performs numerous critical functions, including transporting oxygen and nutrients, defending against pathogens, and regulating body temperature.

blood has four main components:

is a yellowish fluid that has nutrients, proteins, hormones, and waste products.

serves as the medium in which blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are suspended

is the most abundant of the plasma proteins. Manufactured by the liver, albumin molecules serve as binding proteins-transport vehicles for fatty acids. Helps maintain blood volume and pressure by regulating the movement of water between blood vessels and tissues.

Major component of osmotic pressure of plasma

Functions in blood clotting

there are three main subgroups of globulin known as

transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E,K to the cells, like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure

are proteins involved in immunity and are better known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.

has the immune system's ability to identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

is a soluble protein found in blood plasma. It is Important in the process of blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

are the most abundant type of blood cell and comprise 45% of blood by volume. Have a flexible biconcave disk shape, this shape increases the cell's surface area, improving its capacity for efficient gas exchange. It also allows the cell to move through the narrowest of capillaries.

How many erythrocytes per microliter of blood, and each can transport up to four oxygen molecules.?

are the disease-fighting components of blood. They account for just 1% of circulating blood but multiply during infection or inflammation.

What is the other term for white blood cells

five types of white blood cells:

First responders to infections, especially bacterial infections are very good at phagocytosis, which means they engulf and digest bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens.

Involved in the adaptive immune response, which provides long-lasting immunity. Function: B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T cells kill infected cells or help other immune cells. Natural killer (NK) cells attack virus-infected cells and tumors

Clean up debris and fight infections.

Fight parasite infections and play a role in allergic reactions. release toxins to kill parasites, like worms, and help control inflammation in allergic reactions (e.g., asthma, fever).

Role: Involved in inflammatory responses, especially in allergic reactions. Function: release histamine and other chemicals that help increase blood flow to infected areas and cause inflammation.

, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.

Other term for platelets

are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues.

What is the two tubes of blood vessels

have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high pressure exerted by the heart when it pumps blood.

The wall of an artery consists of three layers:

The innermost layer, which is smooth to reduce friction and allow blood to flow easily.

The middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing arteries to expand and contract with each heartbeat

: The outer layer made of connective tissue that provides structural support.

: The largest artery, distributing blood from the heart to the entire body.

supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients through blood

: Supply blood to the brain, head, and neck

Supply blood to the arms and upper body

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

: Supply blood to the kidneys.

: Supply blood to the lower abdomen, pelvis, and legs

: Major arteries in the legs.

: Supply blood to the lower leg and foot.

is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

carry blood from the head and neck back to the heart. They are major veins in the neck.

carries blood from the lower limbs (thigh) back to the heart.

are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body, that aid the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, Main site in exchange of oxygen, nutrients , waste products

are small branches of arteries that lead into capillaries. They carry oxygenated blood

are small vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the larger veins.

are networks of tiny capillaries where arterioles and venules meet, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.