Blood anatomy

47問 • 1年前

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Is a specialized fluid in the body that performs numerous critical functions, including transporting oxygen and nutrients, defending against pathogens, and regulating body temperature.

BLOOD

blood has four main components:

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

is a yellowish fluid that has nutrients, proteins, hormones, and waste products.

Plasma

serves as the medium in which blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are suspended

plasma

is the most abundant of the plasma proteins. Manufactured by the liver, albumin molecules serve as binding proteins-transport vehicles for fatty acids. Helps maintain blood volume and pressure by regulating the movement of water between blood vessels and tissues.

ALBUMIN

Major component of osmotic pressure of plasma

ALBUMIN

Functions in blood clotting

Fibrinogens (4%)

there are three main subgroups of globulin known as

alpha globulin beta globulin gamma globulin

transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E,K to the cells, like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure

Alpha and beta globulins

are proteins involved in immunity and are better known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.

gamma globulins

has the immune system's ability to identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

GLOBULINS

is a soluble protein found in blood plasma. It is Important in the process of blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

FIBRINOGENS

are the most abundant type of blood cell and comprise 45% of blood by volume. Have a flexible biconcave disk shape, this shape increases the cell's surface area, improving its capacity for efficient gas exchange. It also allows the cell to move through the narrowest of capillaries.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

How many erythrocytes per microliter of blood, and each can transport up to four oxygen molecules.?

4-6 million

are the disease-fighting components of blood. They account for just 1% of circulating blood but multiply during infection or inflammation.

White blood cells

What is the other term for white blood cells

leukocytes

five types of white blood cells:

neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes monocytes.

First responders to infections, especially bacterial infections are very good at phagocytosis, which means they engulf and digest bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens.

Neutrophils

Involved in the adaptive immune response, which provides long-lasting immunity. Function: B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T cells kill infected cells or help other immune cells. Natural killer (NK) cells attack virus-infected cells and tumors

Lymphocytes

Clean up debris and fight infections.

Monocytes

Fight parasite infections and play a role in allergic reactions. release toxins to kill parasites, like worms, and help control inflammation in allergic reactions (e.g., asthma, fever).

Eosinophils

Role: Involved in inflammatory responses, especially in allergic reactions. Function: release histamine and other chemicals that help increase blood flow to infected areas and cause inflammation.

Basophils

, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.

Platelets

Other term for platelets

thrombocytes

are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues.

Blood vessels

What is the two tubes of blood vessels

arteries and veins

have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high pressure exerted by the heart when it pumps blood.

Arteries

The wall of an artery consists of three layers:

tunica intima tonica media tunica externa

The innermost layer, which is smooth to reduce friction and allow blood to flow easily.

Tunica intima

The middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing arteries to expand and contract with each heartbeat

Tunica media

: The outer layer made of connective tissue that provides structural support.

Tunica externa (adventitia)

: The largest artery, distributing blood from the heart to the entire body.

Aorta

supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients through blood

coronary arteries

: Supply blood to the brain, head, and neck

Carotid Arteries

Supply blood to the arms and upper body

Subclavian Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary Arteries

: Supply blood to the kidneys.

Renal Arteries

: Supply blood to the lower abdomen, pelvis, and legs

Common Iliac Arteries

: Major arteries in the legs.

Femoral Arteries

: Supply blood to the lower leg and foot.

Tibial Arteries

is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

Vein

carry blood from the head and neck back to the heart. They are major veins in the neck.

jugular veins

carries blood from the lower limbs (thigh) back to the heart.

femoral vein

are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body, that aid the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, Main site in exchange of oxygen, nutrients , waste products

Capillaries

are small branches of arteries that lead into capillaries. They carry oxygenated blood

Arterioles

are small vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the larger veins.

Venules

are networks of tiny capillaries where arterioles and venules meet, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

Capillary beds

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