swine 2 breeds and breeding

Ezekiel Emano · 47問 · 1年前

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Did you know that??

Pig performance is based on 70% of its environment and 30 percent in its genetics,”

Success Triangle Program

Nutrition Genetics Management

Origin First develop in Denmark for the production of bacon. Characteristic: White in color Longest breed of swine with 16 to 17 ribs. Known for its prolificacy and mothering ability under Philippine condition.

Landrace

Disadvantage of landrace

weak legs and pasterns especially on the hind legs.

This breed originated from Yorkshire and neighboring countries of Northern England. Characteristics White in color. Large litters Have erect ears Good mothering ability Excellent milkers Strong legs Adapt well to confinement

Large white

originated in the Eastern United States Have a solid colors ranging from very high light golden to very dark red that approaches the color of mahogany.

duroc

Originated from Southern England. This breed have white belt around the shoulder and body including the foreleg.

Hampshire

Originated from South Central England, The color is black with six white spots, four white feet, one on the forehead and another on the switch of the tail.

Berkshire

This breed is known as “muscle pigs” because of its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin and shoulder. Spotted black and white color

Pietrain

They are generally small Mature females weigh about 30 to 40 kilograms Boars weigh about 40 to 50 kilograms.

Philippines Native Swine

There are five strains of pigs developed and documented in the Philippines that contained genes of native pigs:

Kaman Diani Black Ilocos Berkjala Strain Koronadal Pig

common in the province of Batangas. It is the result from Native Pig (Batangas)+ Duroc

Kaman

it is the result from crossing the Native Pig (Batangas) + Berkshire

Diani

result from corssing Native Pig (Ilocos) + Berkshire

Black Ilocos

was develop in 1916 at UP College of Agriculture. This is the result of crossing Native Pig (Jalajala, Rizal) + Berkshire. It has 75% dressing percentage.

Berkjala

= it is intermediate between the lard and the bacon type of swine.

Koronadal Pig

Philippine warty pig

Sus Philippensis

Palawan Bearded pig

Sus barbatus

This breed is common particularly in China. Well-known for its prolificacy, early sexual maturity ranging from 2.5 to 3 months and large litter size (15 to 16 piglets)

Meishan Pig

This are the results of a combination of the good characteristics traits of superior genetics breeds.

Hybrids

It was developed in the Netherlands by a group of breeding companies called TOPIGS. The foundation breed is the Pietrain along with Largewhite and Landrace

Dalland

developed by Eurobrid, Netherlands.

Hypig

developed by PIC 35 years ago and the name become synonymous with prolificacy.

Camborough

It is known to produce large litters, docile with good mothering ability and rebreeding ability.

Genemaster 100

SWINE HYBRID

Dalland Hypig Camborough Genemaster 100

This are the systems of mating animals to produce a pure breed or a crossbreed.

Breeding system

Types of breeding system

Inbreeding Purebreeding Crossbreeding Upgrading

This are the breeding of closely-related animals.

inbreeding

system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other but not closely related

purebreeding

Refers to the result to large improvement in the average performance of the F1 progeny over that of the parents. Is defined as the change in performance of the crossbred progeny over the average of the parental breeds

heterosis

Types of crossbreeding

two way cross three way cross four way cross

mating with the use of two different breeds.

two way cross

mating with the use of three different breeds.

three way cross

mating with the use of four different breeds.

Four way cross

It is a system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing. It is commonly used among native breeds. The native breeds are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine.

upgrading

is a systematic way of choosing the desired characteristics of pigs for breeding purposes.

Selection

How many months is Initial Evaluation

2-3 months

How many months is final evaluation

5-6 months

Two way of selection

natural selection artificial selection

The best boar gets the best sows, while the weak, sickly and poor ones usually die naturally and have lower chances of breeding other animals. As time goes on, the herd is getting better ("survival of the fittest").

natural selection

Types of selection that have human intervention

artificial selection

1- Snout 2- Face 3- Eye 4- Ear 5- Cheek 6- Jowl 7- Poll 8- Neck 9- Shoulder 10-Foreleg 11-Dew claw 12-Pastern 13-Toes 14- Back 15- Lo in 16- Side 17- Belly 18- Foreflank 19- Rear flank 20-Rump 21-Ham 22-Hock 23-Tail 24-Rear leg

Selecting Gilts

Performance Post Weaning Rate of Growth Backfat Feed Efficiency Well-developed underline or mammary glands Reproductive Soundness Feet and Legs Body Conformation Size Body Joints Back Fertility and Prolificacy Mothering Ability Heritable Disease and Abnormalities

Selecting Boer

Sow Productivity Backfat Performance Behavior Reproductive Soundness Conformation and Physical Soundness Age

Methods of Selection

Pedigree method Independent Culling Level method Tandem method Selection index method

In this method, selection is done on the basis of the individual's record of inheritance.

pedigree method

This method establishes minimum standards for each character, and selecting simultaneously but independently for each character.

independent Culling Level method

This refers to that system in which there is selection for only one trait at a time

Tandem method

This method combines all important traits into one overall value or index.

Selection index method

Refers to the removal of unwanted animals in the herd.

culling

In a herd, it is common to cull at a rate of

30 to 40 percent.

Two types of culling

Planned Culling Unplanned Culling

Pointers in Culling Boars and Gilts/ Sow

Reproductive Failure Feet and Leg Problems Damaged Udder Section Age

Criteria for Culling Boars

Leg Defects/Deformities Inability to mount Poor Semen quality and quantity Improper mounting position Too aggressive boars (fighting female)

Factors Affecting Sexual Maturity

• Genotype/Genetics • Age • Nutrition • Environment • Health

Estrous Cycle

ranges from 18-24 days (average of 21 days)

• Also known as heat period • Lasts from one (1) to five (5) days with an average of 2-3 days

Estrus Period

Time during which the sow will accept the boar (sexual receptivity)

Estrus = Standing Heat

Phases of Estrous Cycle

Proestrous Estrus/Standing Metestrus Diestrus

-long period of inactivity

Anestrus

reddening of vulva and mucus discharge

Late Proestrus

It is the method by which a pig raiser determines whether a sow will accept service by the boar.

Heat Detection

Techniques of Heat Detection

a. Back Pressure Test. b. Riding-the-Back Test. c. Semen-on-Snout Test. d. Teaser Boar Method.

This method is done by applying pressure on her sides with both hands.

Back Pressure Test

This is done by riding on or pressing the back or loin of the sow.

Riding the - Back Test

With this technique old semen sample is squeezed from a squirt bottle on the snout of the sow.

Semen On - Snout Test

A vasectomized boar is the best animal to use in this method.

Teaser Boar Method

Mating System

Natural service Artificial insemination

the period from fertilization to farrowing time

Gestation or Pregnancy Period

Average of gestation period

average is 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days).

➤ the secretion of milk from specialized glands (mammary glands) to provide nourishment to offspring.

Lactation

Lactation last about?

4-6 weeks (28-42 days)

(Milk Production)

Prolactin

(Milk Let-down)

Oxytocin

➤ the time interval from weaning to service ➤ This is the time when the sow is unproductive. ➤ The length of the dry period varies depending on the sow's body condition ➤ Ideal dry period is 7days

Dry Period

Methods of Selection

Pedigree method Independent Culling Level method Tandem method Selection index method

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